Changes in Cell Morphology Sample Clauses

Changes in Cell Morphology. In order for vegetative cells to form highly elongated and flagellated swarmer cells, drastic morphological changes involving the inhibition of cell division, the continuous extension of the cell via peptidoglycan remodeling, and the expression and integration of numerous flagella into the cell body must occur. Certain extracellular triggers have also been shown to promote differentiation. To prevent septation, cell division inhibition must occur, and the Min cell division inhibition system has been shown to be involved in this process (266). The three MinC-E proteins comprise the system, and their pole-to-pole oscillation during cell division promotes cell elongation and prevents septum formation at the cell poles (267, 268). Expression of minCDE peaks 2 - 3 h following surface contact, preventing septation and promoting elongation of swarmer cells. Its expression decreases following differentiation, the result being an end to cell division inhibition during consolidation (266). During consolidation, it is upregulated once more in order to promote a second period of swarming (65). Supporting this, a minC mutant produces insufficiently elongated swarmer cells, less detectable flagella, and exhibits a defect in swarming migration (266). FtsA and FtsZ, responsible for septum formation, are implicated in this process, but creating mutations in the corresponding genes is lethal (269). Extensive peptidoglycan and cell surface remodeling occurs during differentiation. P. mirabilis peptidoglycan (PG) is a combination of unmodified and O- acetylated peptidoglycan. O-acetylation has clinical and biological significance as it promotes bacterial resistance to lysozyme, intracellular PG autolysins, and prevents insertion of structures such as type III secretion systems or flagella into the cell body (270). Reports of O-acetylation in P. mirabilis range from 20 to 53 % depending on the strain (271). O-acetylation would not be ideal for swarming as it would inhibit consolidation and hyperflagellation. As such, extensive PG remodeling occurs during differentiation. The PG of vegetative cells and cells in lag phase has similar levels of O- acetylation from 50 to 55%. In contrast, the PG of consolidated cells is approximately 30% O-acetylated (272). Thus, the level of O-acetylation of P. mirabilis PG decreases by approximately half upon differentiation. Moreover, the activity of the AmiC autolysin specific for O-acetylated PG exhibits higher activity in lag phase colonies....
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Related to Changes in Cell Morphology

  • Changes in Name, etc Such Grantor will not, except upon 15 days’ prior written notice to the Administrative Agent and delivery to the Administrative Agent of all additional executed financing statements and other documents reasonably requested by the Administrative Agent to maintain the validity, perfection and priority of the security interests provided for herein, (i) change its jurisdiction of organization or the location of its chief executive office or sole place of business or principal residence from that referred to in Section 4.3 or (ii) change its name.

  • Changes in Management Except as disclosed in the Registration Statement, the General Disclosure Package and the Prospectus, none of the persons who were officers or directors of the Company as of the date of the Pre-Pricing Prospectus has given oral or written notice to the Company or any of its subsidiaries of his or her resignation (or otherwise indicated to the Company or any of its subsidiaries an intention to resign within the next 24 months), nor has any such officer or director been terminated by the Company or otherwise removed from his or her office or from the board of directors, as the case may be (including, without limitation, any such termination or removal which is to be effective as of a future date) nor is any such termination or removal under consideration by the Company or its board of directors.

  • Changes in Classification The regular wage rate of the employee in effect on July 1 and January 1 will determine his entitlement to Group Life and Accidental Death and Dismemberment coverages as outlined in the schedule contained in Exhibit “B”. Where an employee’s regular duties consist of more than one job, his regular rate shall be deemed to be the average of the rates applicable to such jobs.

  • Changes in Corporate Structure The Company shall not have changed its jurisdiction of incorporation or organization, as applicable, or been a party to any merger or consolidation or succeeded to all or any substantial part of the liabilities of any other entity, at any time following the date of the most recent financial statements referred to in Schedule 5.5.

  • MINOR CHANGES IN THE WORK If permitted in the agreement between Owner and Architect, the Architect has authority to order minor changes in the Work not involving adjustment in the Contract Sum or extension of the Contract Time and not inconsistent with the intent of the Contract Documents.

  • Changes in Capitalization Subject to any required action by the stockholders of Connetics, the number of shares of Common Stock covered by the Option as well as the Exercise Price shall be proportionately adjusted for any increase or decrease in the number of issued shares of Common Stock resulting from a stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, combination or reclassification of the Common Stock, or any other increase or decrease in the number of issued shares of Common Stock effected without receipt of consideration by Connetics; provided, however, that conversion of any convertible securities of Connetics shall not be deemed to have been “effected without receipt of consideration.” Such adjustment shall be made by the Board, whose determination in that respect shall be final, binding and conclusive. Except as expressly provided in this Option Agreement, no issuance by Connetics of shares of stock of any class, or securities convertible into shares of stock of any class, shall affect, and no adjustment by reason thereof shall be made with respect to, the number or price of shares of Common Stock subject to an Option.

  • Changes in Control For the duration of the Project Term, the Private Party shall procure that there is no Change in Control in the Private Party (or in any company of which the Private Party is a subsidiary) without the prior written approval of SANParks, which approval shall not be unreasonably withheld, provided that no Change in Control may breach the provisions of Schedule 5 in any way.

  • Changes in Capital Stock If, and as often as, there is any change in the capital stock of the Company by way of a stock split, stock dividend, combination or reclassification, or through a merger, consolidation, reorganization or recapitalization, or by any other means, appropriate adjustment shall be made in the provisions hereof so that the rights and privileges granted hereby shall continue as so changed.

  • Changes in the Work The Department may order changes in the work, the Contract Amount being adjusted accordingly. Any monetary adjustment or any substantive change in the work shall be in the form of an amendment, signed by both parties and approved by the State Purchases Review Committee. Said amendment must be effective prior to execution of the work.

  • TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE 45.1 The parties have agreed that in cases where, as a result of technological change, the services of an employee are no longer required beyond a specified date because of lack of work or the discontinuance of a function, the Work Force Adjustment Policy concluded by the parties will apply. In all other cases, the following clauses will apply: 45.2 In this Article "Technological Change" means:

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