Changes in Cell Morphology Sample Clauses

Changes in Cell Morphology. In order for vegetative cells to form highly elongated and flagellated swarmer cells, drastic morphological changes involving the inhibition of cell division, the continuous extension of the cell via peptidoglycan remodeling, and the expression and integration of numerous flagella into the cell body must occur. Certain extracellular triggers have also been shown to promote differentiation. To prevent septation, cell division inhibition must occur, and the Min cell division inhibition system has been shown to be involved in this process (266). The three MinC-E proteins comprise the system, and their pole-to-pole oscillation during cell division promotes cell elongation and prevents septum formation at the cell poles (267, 268). Expression of minCDE peaks 2 - 3 h following surface contact, preventing septation and promoting elongation of swarmer cells. Its expression decreases following differentiation, the result being an end to cell division inhibition during consolidation (266). During consolidation, it is upregulated once more in order to promote a second period of swarming (65). Supporting this, a minC mutant produces insufficiently elongated swarmer cells, less detectable flagella, and exhibits a defect in swarming migration (266). FtsA and FtsZ, responsible for septum formation, are implicated in this process, but creating mutations in the corresponding genes is lethal (269). Extensive peptidoglycan and cell surface remodeling occurs during differentiation. P. mirabilis peptidoglycan (PG) is a combination of unmodified and O- acetylated peptidoglycan. O-acetylation has clinical and biological significance as it promotes bacterial resistance to lysozyme, intracellular PG autolysins, and prevents insertion of structures such as type III secretion systems or flagella into the cell body (270). Reports of O-acetylation in P. mirabilis range from 20 to 53 % depending on the strain (271). O-acetylation would not be ideal for swarming as it would inhibit consolidation and hyperflagellation. As such, extensive PG remodeling occurs during differentiation. The PG of vegetative cells and cells in lag phase has similar levels of O- acetylation from 50 to 55%. In contrast, the PG of consolidated cells is approximately 30% O-acetylated (272). Thus, the level of O-acetylation of P. mirabilis PG decreases by approximately half upon differentiation. Moreover, the activity of the AmiC autolysin specific for O-acetylated PG exhibits higher activity in lag phase colonies....
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