End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ournal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 E-mail: auger xxxxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxx Received June 19, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstract. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable with the Surface Detec- tor Array Pieces of the ~~Xxxxxx Xxxxx Observatory~~puzzle International organizations (IOs) nowadays seem ubiquitous. It is hard to imagine any policy domain at the international level in which IOs are not involved in some way or other. The ~~identification~~ growing importance of IOs in global xxxxx- xxxxx, which is ~~efficiently performed~~ related to the rise of globalization and the end of the Cold War, has prompted students of international relations to reflect once again on their status. Rather than perceiving IOs merely as extensions of states or arenas in which to build winning coalitions, scholars increasingly view them as actors in their own right which play an ever more salient role in global politics than previ- ously envisioned (x.x. Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx 1999, 2004; Dijkzeul and Xxxxxxxxx 2003). As recent studies have aptly demonstrated, IOs can be agenda setters (x.x. Xxxxxxx 1997; Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxx 1998), adjudicators (Alter 2001) and teachers (Xxxxxxxxx 1996) and can affect decision-making processes (Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxx 2004). This edited volume builds on the growing body of literature which works on the assumption that rather than merely being the instruments of states, IOs can influence the course of international events. It seeks to determine the role of IOs in implementation processes and explores the following questions: 1 What resources do IOs have at their disposal to ensure that states follow through on their international commitments, and how effective are these? 2 How do domestic institutions, actors and political processes impede or facil- itate the efforts of IOs? Why study the role of IOs in implementation? First, states are increasingly dele- gating the implementation of international agreements and policies to IOs (Xxxxxxx et al. 2006). The World Trade Organization (WTO), for ~~neutrinos~~ example, has become a major player in interpreting and ensuring compliance with its rules. IOs, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) or the World Health Organization (WHO), are engaged in missions throughout the world, delivering food to those in need, preventing the spread of ~~all flavors interacting~~ diseases or providing shelter. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the United Nations (UN) are monitor- ing and administering peace agreements in Kosovo and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD, also known as World Bank), meanwhile, has launched an anti-corruption cam- paign and closely monitors both the preparation and the implementation of development-aid projects in recipient countries. Second, despite the growing involvement of IOs in implementation, we still know very little about how they do their job, what instruments they have at their disposal and which of them they use to ensure that states take action to meet their global commitments. Most of our insights stem from studies on the Euro- pean Union (EU) (x.x. Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxx 2000; Xxxxxx 2001; Xxxxxxx et al. 2005) which examine the likelihood of member states to comply with Commun- ity directives or regulations (see Mastenbroek 2005 for an overview). While these enquiries provide a valuable starting point for generating hypotheses and a baseline for comparison, they are of limited applicability. Given that the EU is the most institutionalized organization to date and equipped with exceptionally strong enforcement powers (Xxxx and Joerges 2005), including legal and xxxxx- cial penalties, findings regarding its role in implementation cannot easily be gen- eralized to include other more conventional IOs, which do not possess such tools. In addition to research on the EU, implementation has also figured in the ~~atmosphere~~ literature on environmental regimes (x.x. Xxxxxx et al. 1998; Xxxxx et al. 1999). However, scholars have been much more interested in the effectiveness and problem-solving capacity of such regimes (Xxxx and Xxxxxxx 2005), as opposed to examining how international agreements are translated into domestic-level policies and what specific role IOs play in this process. Third, partly owing to the paucity of empirical research, there is an ongoing debate among scholars as to how to ensure compliance with international agree- ments. While some suggest that enforcement is the only way to prevent states from reneging on internationally agreed commitments (Xxxxx et al. 1996), others, by contrast, argue that a managerial approach consisting of knowledge transfer and financial assistance will yield more satisfactory results (Xxxxxx and Xxxxxx 1993, 1995). These two approaches have hitherto been viewed as mutu- ally exclusive, so that it was either the iron fist – enforcement – or the velvet glove – management – that were assumed to prompt states to take certain actions. Recently, a third perspective has been developed which stresses IOs’ less tangible resources, such as their authority and legitimacy (e.g. Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx 1999, 2004). Yet, similarly to the previous two, we still know little about its scope conditions, that is, how and when these resources matter. This volume aims at ~~large zenith angles~~a better understanding of the role IOs play in implemen- tation by comparing a broad range of organizations in a variety of policy areas. It is the third in a series of books about IOs in a changing global environment. The first investigated the autonomy of IOs (Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxx 1998); the second examined decision making within them (Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxx 2004). The findings of the current volume are revealing in several respects. The case studies show that IOs not only use the resources at their disposal in a more flexible way than the literature suggests, but that IOs which lack strong enforce- ment tools are not necessarily any less effective than those which have these at their disposal. Furthermore, the case studies also suggest that the normative power of IOs plays a far more important role than previously assumed. Regard- ing domestic-level factors, we find that while deeply entrenched domestic insti- tutions and the opposition of powerful societal or state actors can frustrate the work of IOs, they do not necessarily paralyse them. In this introduction, we will ‘set the table’ for the subsequent chapters. Section 2 discusses the concept of implementation, distinguishing it from effec- tiveness and compliance. Drawing on different international relations approaches, in Section 3, we will identify and discuss two major factors in the literature which may empower or restrict IOs in implementation: 1 the resources of IOs 2 domestic-level factors. While the former include both enforcement measures, such as monitoring and sanctioning, and softer instruments, such as managerial skills or authority, the latter include the nature of political systems (especially mature versus new democratic states), domestic institutions and the power of societal groups, bureaucracies or civil services. Finally, Section 4 offers an overview of this volume. Traditionally, implementation has been the subject of policy and legal studies as well as public administration. Research on this subject flourished during the 1970s and 1980s but came to a halt during the last decade. Reflecting on the very latest research on implementation, Saetren (2005) lists a number of reasons for ~~Earth-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to~~ the ~~Earth. No neutrino candidates were found~~ declining interest in ∼ 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–implementation, including:

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End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ~~ournal~~ Legitimacy and legislative priority in the Dutch edible insect sector Downloaded by [Radboud University Nijmegen] at 00:34 11 October 2017 Xxxxxx Marberg1, Xxxxxx Korzilius2 and Xxxx xxx Xxxxxxxxxx 8.1 Introduction Current global food challenges include providing food for those in greatest need, sustainable production, and reconciling the supply of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 E-mail: auger xxxxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxx Received June 19, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstract. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable food with the ~~Surface Detec- tor Array~~ demands of an increasingly wealthy population (Xxxxxxx et al., 2010). Similar concerns are voiced in The Future of Food: Scenarios for 2050 in which the researchers indicate that the key issues involved in feeding the rising global population are food security, food safety, food and health, and sustainability (Xxxxxx et al., 2010). The authors report that the rising consumption of animal products due to population and economic growth will result in an increase in greenhouse gases and a strain on resources. They differentiate between the developing world and the developed world, stating that decreasing ruminant protein production and consumption in developing countries may not be desirable given the nutritional and economic necessity of ruminant production in very poor regions. In the developed world, however, alternatives to meat could play a role in reducing environmental degradation and use of resources. As a source of protein, one of the ~~Xxxxxx Xxxxx Observatory~~alternatives to meat is insects. The ~~identification is efficiently performed~~ advantages of breeding insects for ~~neutrinos~~ protein over traditional ruminant breeding include more eﬃcient conversion of ~~all flavors interacting~~ feed to food (Van Huis, 2013), fewer greenhouse gas emissions and less land degradation (Oonincx & De Boer, 2012), and high mineral and element contents (Xxxxxxx, Mangthya, & Xxxxxx, 2011; Xxxx et al., 2014). In addition to their use in food and feed, insects may also be useful in waste management (Xxxxx et al., 2014; Xxxx et al., 2015) and medicine (Cˇ erˇovský & Bém, 2014; Xxxxx-Xxxx, 2002). Regarding concerns such as allergy, microbial, parasitical and chemical hazards in the ~~atmosphere at large zenith angles~~use of insects as food and feed, Belluco et al. (2013) found that if proper procedures are implemented, insects are a safe source of food. This is not unlike meat, fish, crustaceans and other foodstuffs which must also meet hygiene, production, processing, storage and distribution standards and be properly labeled with respect to allergens. However, Xxxxxxxxx, Vlak, Xxxxxxx-XxXxxx, Cappellozza, and Xxxxxx (2015) indicate that more research is needed on insect diseases, as well as diagnosis and control protocols. Downloaded by [Radboud University Nijmegen] at 00:34 11 October 2017 Although many researchers and edible insect advocates are positive about the potential of insects to contribute to food security and environmental sus- tainability, European policy makers are taking a cautious approach, perhaps in part due to Western attitudes towards insects. Belluco et al. (2013: 309) maintain that because the science justifies ‘insect presence in the Western diet, the greatest obstacle to consumption remains the repulsion felt by Western people’. DeFoliart (1999: 44) voiced a similar sentiment, indicating that more opportunities for ~~Earth~~research and production would be created if the ‘Western-~~skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative~~ driven stigma’ against insects as food could be redressed. Under current European Union (EU) regulations, producers may sell their insects and insect products to animal hobby markets (reptiles, birds, etc.), pet food suppliers and aquaculture. Insects and insect ingredients may not be sold as feed to livestock or on a large scale for human consumption. The sale of insects for human consumption is currently guided by Novel Food legislation which many scientists and producers consider a hindrance to the ~~Earth. No neutrino candidates were found in ∼ 14.7 years~~ growth of ~~data taken up~~ the industry and a barrier to ~~31 August 2018. This leads~~ the effort to ~~restrictive upper bounds on their flux~~solve global nutrition and food security issues (Belluco et al., 2013; IPIFF, 2015; Xxxxxxxxxx et al., 2011). The ~~90% C.L. single-flavor limit~~ greatest challenges to the ~~diffuse flux~~ development of ~~ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum~~ the edible insect sector thus appear to be nonmarket forces – the social, political and legal arrangements that structure interactions among companies and their public. One of the key questions for producers, researchers and edible insect advocates is how to gain political priority for their issue at the EU in order to accelerate the legislation process so that the economic, social and environ- mental benefits of the sector can be realized. Despite a growing number of produ- cers worldwide, a significant increase in scholarly attention (Xxx Xxxx, 2015), and the establishment of a European lobby, advocates in the ~~energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–~~European Union indicate that the edible insect sector has had diﬃculty improving its legitimacy – roughly stated, its legal, social and cultural acceptance (Xxxxxxx, 1995) – with EU policy makers. In order to revise legislation and current policies, the sector will need to increase its legitimacy with the public and policy making institutions (Ju & Xxxx, 2011; Xxxxxxx, 1995; Xxx Xxxxxx et al., 2015). Gaining priority for an issue depends in large part on advocates’ ability to ‘promulgate new explanations of social reality’ and on ‘molding constituent tastes’ (Xxxxxxx, 1995: 591). All organizations in an emerging sector begin with a lack of legitimacy (Xxxxxxx & Xxxx, 1994; Stinchcombe, 1965), a situation that organizations can improve through strategic actions (Xxxxxxx & Xxxx, 1994; Xxxxxxx et al., 2010; Xxxxxxx, 1995; Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 1994). Organizations can use specific nonmarket strategies as means to gain legitimacy (Xxxxxxx & Xxxx, 1999; Xxxxxxx et al., 2016; Xxxxxx, 1991). Xxxxx, Xxxx, and Xxxxxxx (2013) indicate that institutional entrepreneurs can increase legitimacy of an emerging sector by 1) identifying and publicizing problems in the current situation; 2) sug- gesting solutions based on accepted categories of expertise from other dis- ciplines; 3) emphasizing community or society benefits and playing down the benefits to themselves; 4) establishing ties to legitimate actors outside the field such as experts, academic institutions and social elites, and; 5) working with other entrepreneurs in the same field to establish social certification and a professional organization to define and defend their organizational form. Downloaded by [Radboud University Nijmegen] at 00:34 11 October 2017 Our investigation focuses on how actors in the Dutch edible insect sector can gain attention for the sector and, more specifically, identifies the legiti- macy strategy gaps in the edible insect sector as perceived by actors in the sector. A link between the Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxx (2007) framework and legiti- macy was made using Xxxxxxx’x (1995) legitimacy typology and Xxxxx et al.’s (2013) analysis of the legitimation process for institutional entrepreneurs to investigate the emerging edible insect sector in the Netherlands. In doing so, the research takes a strategic institutional approach to the way actors deal with nonmarket forces (Xxxxxxx et al., 2016; Xxxxxxx, 1995). Hence, this study shows how the combined application ocan aid in identifying perceived gaps in a sector’s legitimation process and point to favourable courses of market and nonmarket action.

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End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ~~ournal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 E~~doi:10.1068/c11129 Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Management Research, PO Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, The Netherlands; e-mail: ~~auger xxxxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxx~~ X.Xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Wageningen University, Public Administration and Policy Group, PO Box 8130, 6700 EW Wageningen, The Netherlands; e-mail: Xxxxxx.Xxxxxxx@xxx.xx Received ~~June 19~~11 May 2011; in revised form 17 February 2012 Climate change is undoubtedly one of the most urgent policy issues of our times. There is now a general recognition that climate change will occur and that nearly all countries will be affected. This is because past and current international efforts to mitigate climate change through a significant reduction of global carbon dioxide emissions are not sufficient to avoid dangerous climate change (Xxxxxxxxxx et al, ~~2019 Accepted September 5~~2010). In this light, ~~2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstract~~one of the major objectives of the International Panel on Climate Change is to study and report on vulnerability and adaptability of countries’ environment and socioeconomic systems. ~~Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable~~ Climate adaptation comprises “ … all spontaneous responses and planned action taken to cope with the ~~Surface Detec- tor Array~~ impacts of, or reduce vulnerability to, a changing climate. Such adaptation is needed to tackle current problems or anticipate possible future changes, with the aim of reducing risk and damage cost effectively, and perhaps even exploiting potential benefits” (Xxxxx et al, 2009, page 25). In more general terms, adaptation to climate change involves adjustments of infrastructure, agriculture, urban and regional planning, and issues of nature preservation and energy supply (Xxx Xxxxxxxx et al, 2009). ¶ Corresponding author. In his classical study of the differences between management and leadership Xxxxxx (1990) argues that, where management is needed to produce orderly results efficiently, leadership is needed for realizing useful change. Since adaptation to climate change often requires a change in existing policies, practices, and institutions, this contribution departs from the view that there is a substantial need for leadership to devise and implement adaptation policies. A search of the literature in the context of adaptation to climate change(1) reveals that, first, most journal publications on leadership and climate change deal with leadership in the context of mitigation policies (eg, Xxxxx ~~Observatory~~and Xxxxx, 2000; Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxxx, 2007). Second, contributions which refer to leadership in the context of climate change adaptation tend to identify it as only one of the factors needed for successful adaptation (eg, Xxxxx, 2010; Xxxxx et al, 2010) or to manage local-level conflicts between mitigation and adaptation measures (eg, Xxxxxxxxx et al, 2009). Others consider leadership at only a high level of abstraction—like Underdal (2010), who compares the merits of the collective action model (involving centralized leadership) versus adaptive governance in responding to complex governance challenges such as climate change. These examples do not take leadership as their main focus and fail to address it in a theoretically informed and systematic way. With this paper we aim to fill this apparent gap by exploring the relevance of modern leadership concepts for climate change adaptation. As there is an impressive body of current literature on leadership in general [for a good general review see, for example, Xxxxxx et al (2009)], we necessarily had to make a selection of leadership theories that are particularly useful for studying leadership for climate adaptation. We have based our selection on the key characteristics and related leadership challenges of climate change adaptation. First, when considering climate adaptation, we observe an important role for government actors and public policy (Xxxxxxxxx et al, 2010). Both private and public parties may play a crucial role in realizing climate adaptation. Citizens, industries, or farmers may adapt autonomously, for example by moving out of flood-prone areas or by growing new crops. However, in modern societies public policy is crucial to climate adaptation. In a way this is unsurprising, since many of the proposed policy options for adaptation—for instance, the strengthening of xxxxx or the creation of space for rivers— are collective action problems that need to be addressed by public policy (Osberghaus et al, 2010). Therefore, we first turn to the role of leadership in the policy process. Second, climate adaptation creates a need for coordinating different levels, actors, and sectors (Xxxxxxxx et al, 2010; Xxxx-Xxxxx, 2009). As is the case in many other policy areas, knowledge and other resources are disseminated amongst a network of actors. In a ‘shared power’ world there is a need for coordination between various levels of government (Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, 2007), policy sectors, and public and private actors. Third, policies of climate change adaptation need to take into account the relevance of the interactions between social and ecological systems (Xxxxx et al, 2005). Most adaptation options have an impact on natural or ecological systems, such as water systems, agricultural land, or nature; and feedback from the natural system—such as flood events, periods of drought, or heat waves—plays an important role in the adaptation process. Because of these interactions between social and ecological systems there is a need to be sensitive to feedback mechanisms and to anticipate long-term consequences of climate change. The ~~identification~~ need for using a long-term perspective in developing and implementing adaption options is ~~efficiently performed~~ pressing: new xxxxx are being designed to guarantee safety for ~~neutrinos of all flavors interacting~~ at least a few decades; and to be able to (1) Our searches concentrated on scientific journals in the ~~atmosphere at large zenith angles~~ISI Web of Knowledge and Scopus databases. In a first round of searches we used the keywords ‘climate change’ AND ‘leadership’ (OR entrepreneurship OR policy entrepreneur OR leader OR change agents). Subsequently, in a second round, we added to these a third keyword, ‘adaptation’ (OR ‘adaptive capacity’ OR ‘adaptability’ OR ‘resilience’). accommodate a future increase in peak river discharges, we need to make spatial reservations for future water retention areas now. Finally, uncertainty and unpredictability are key characteristics of the issue of climate change adaptation. Xxxxxxxxxx et al (2010) distinguish three types of uncertainty: macro- uncertainty is uncertainty about the phenomenon of climate change—that is, about the speed and degree of climate change; microuncertainty is uncertainty about the impact that climate change will have on a specific region; and technological uncertainty is uncertainty about future options in mitigation and adaptation. Next to these uncertainties in the behaviour of natural systems and technology development, there is also uncertainty about the way in which society responds to climate change and about the interactions between social and natural (ecological) systems. Social–ecological systems are nondecomposable systems which are characterized by complexity, variety, spontaneity, and nonlinearity (Xxxxxxxx, 2006; Xxxxxxx et al, 2009). It is exactly because of this uncertainty and fundamental unpredictability that the adaptive capacity or adaptability of socioecological systems needs to be improved and that leadership should create room for or stimulate variety and experimentation (Xxxxxx et al, 2006). Similarly, the literature on adaptive governance or adaptive (co)management suggests that learning and experimentation enhance the adaptive capacity of a governance system (Xxxxxxx et al, 2009). These four characteristics of climate change adaptation lead to four main challenges which leadership needs to address. Leadership in climate adaptation needs to: (1) influence the policy process so as ~~well~~ to get adaptation policies accepted and implemented; (2) enhance connectivity across different policy-making levels, sectors, and actors; (3) enhance the capacity of society to learn in response to feedback from the natural system and to anticipate long-term impacts of climate change; (4) increase the adaptive capacity (adaptability) of governance networks concerned with climate adaptation. By defining these leadership challenges, we do not contend that leadership is the only relevant factor in climate adaptation. Xxxxx et al (2005) mention the existence of bridging organizations, enabling legislation and governmental policies, and crises (as opportunities) as factors which, along with leadership, are relevant to realizing adaptive governance of social– ecological systems. Xxxxx et al (2010) distinguish six dimensions of the adaptive capacity of institutions for ~~Earth~~climate change: resources, variety, fair governance, learning capacity, room for autonomous change, and leadership. Drawing on an extensive literature review, Armitage (2005) distinguishes ten factors influencing the adaptive capacity for community-~~skimming τ neutrinos~~ based natural resources management. The political factor includes different forms of leadership. Neither of these theories indicates the relative importance of leadership as compared with ~~nearly tangential trajectories relative~~ the other factors; what they have in common is that they recognize leadership as one important factor next to more structural ones. That is why we believe the ~~Earth~~leadership factor warrants special attention. ~~No neutrino candidates were found~~ By taking an agency perspective, however, we do not preclude that some policy contexts may be more enabling for particular types of leadership than others. Since the four leadership challenges relate to multiple disciplines within the social sciences—including policy science and public administration, organizational and manage- ment science, business ethics, and beyond (ie, the life sciences, regarding the third challenge)—the following sections will introduce leadership concepts from four different bodies of literature: (1) Theories on leadership in ~~∼ 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018~~the policy process [eg, policy entrepreneurship and ideational leadership (IL)]. This ~~leads~~ literature addresses explicitly the role of leadership in changing and implementing public policy. (2) Leadership for connectivity (collaborative, catalytic, or integrative leadership). This literature discusses the role of leadership in establishing connectivity across different levels, sectors, and actors. (3) Sustainability leadership theory (theories on ecoleadership and social–ecological systems). This literature focuses on the role of leadership in managing social–ecological systems and in realizing sustainability. (4) Complexity leadership theory (CLT). This leadership theory discusses how leadership may enhance the adaptive capacity of organizations. After describing the essence of each leadership concept, we will present a systematic comparison looking for overlapping and complementary insights. Finally, drawing on the different leadership concepts and the comparative analysis, we present an integrative framework for analyzing leadership for climate change adaptation. (1) display high levels of social acuity (or perceptiveness), (2) pay close attention to ~~restrictive upper bounds on their flux. The 90% C.L. single-flavor limit to the diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum in the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–~~problem definition,

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End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ~~ournal~~ the concept of ~~Cosmology~~ the state in political philosophy Department of Public Administration and ~~Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022~~ Political Science, Institute for Management Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, the Netherlands E-mail: ~~auger xxxxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxx Received June 19~~x.xxxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx *Corresponding editor. doi:10.1057/eps.2010.56 Abstract In a lecture given in 1991, ~~2019 Accepted September 5~~while working on the never finished third volume of his series on theories of justice, ~~2019 Published October 8~~Xxxxx Xxxxx gave a rare glimpse into the ideas with which he was wrestling – twenty years ahead of present-day political theorists. What is the role of the state, ~~2019 Abstract~~how are we to conceptualize it, in a world if globalization, and against the background of a legitimate appeal for international distributive justice? Keywords international justice; social justice; sovereignty; state T EDITOR’S NOTE 92 european political science: 10 2011 at his talk into an article. ~~Neutrinos~~ Moreover, the notes he used were already part of the book manuscript he was working on at the time – the never completed third volume of his treatise on social justice. Xxxxx felt that turning the lecture into an article would add little to, and only distract from his work on, the book – but he did not mind publication in the form I proposed: authorized lecture notes dis- playing one of the best political philoso- phers of our days struggling to perfect and further develop his ideas though debate with ~~energies above 1017 eV are detectable~~ his critics. The text was offered for publication in the journal of the Dutch Political Science Association in the autumn of 1991, but its editors neither appreciated the format, nor were they (92 – 102) & 2011 European Consortium for Political Research. 1680-4333/11 xxx.xxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxx.xxx/xxx/ impressed by the novelty of what Xxxxx had to offer. It was rediscovered in 2009 in the process of converting files, created with now defunct word processing software, to a more current format. I have added nothing to the original text, except a couple of references to Xxxxx Xxxxx’x own (later) work. Although little of what Xxxxx had to say is really surprising, from the point of view of 2009, the text does offer a rare glimpse into the ideas with which Theories of Justice: Volume III might have begun, and for the biographer it shows the very first signs of his growing impatience with academic political philosophy. The 1991 lecture was prepared while he was working on the final draft of his second volume in the Theories of Justice series – or so he thought at the time. However, Xxxxx Xxxxx always refused to publish any text he was not deeply satisfied with; hence, Justice as Impar- tiality did not appear until 1995. Volume III – which, as Xxxxx announced in 1991, would discuss international justice – was never finished. Moreover, he soon changed his plans and intended to devote Volume III to the institutions of justice (cf. Xxxxxxx, 2009). Instead, after a period during which Xxxxx wrote about environmental and intergenerational justice, he aban- doned purely ‘academic’ political theory completely in favour of more involved writing like Culture and Equality (2002) and Why Social Justice Matters (2005). As Xxxxx Xxxxxxx (2009) noted, Xxxxx left behind the manuscript of a book on international social justice, all but finished in 1980: Rich Countries and Poor Coun- tries. Had it been published then, the book would have set him on a collision course with Xxxxxxx Xxxxx (1979) and Xxxxxx Xxxxx (1989), the first major thinkers to apply Xxxx Xxxxx’ theory of social justice on a global scale (the oracle himself remained silent on global justice until 1997; cf. Xxxxx, 1999). While Xxxxx certainly agreed with the ~~Surface Detec- tor Array~~ cosmopolitans on the existence of global distributive ‘y American academics in general attach far too much importance to the state and far too easily assume that only a world injustice and of moral obligations towards the world’s poor, the 1991 lecture illustrates that, and why he had little faith in global redistributive institutions or powers. Justice requires a commitment, a sense of belonging, to a cooperative venture, and it requires strong institutions to effectively implement redistribution, neither of which a global society or world state can offer in any foreseeable future. A position like this might be taken as support for Xxxxx’ later rejection of global justice; for Xxxxx (1999), the reciprocity, broadness, intensity and duration of the ~~Xxxxxx~~ ties that make a people a people justify limiting social justice to within the bor- ders of its state, and justify the rejection of global redistribution. Yet the most important message in Xxxxx’x 1991 lec- ture is that Xxxxx ~~Observatory~~and – as we can sense in Xxxxx’x reply to a comment by Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx – American academics in gen- eral attaches far too much importance to the state and far too easily assumes that only a world state can be an alternative for the classical nation-state. Xxxxx calls for a far more flexible understanding of structures of social cooperation, reflecting a political reality in which state authority ‘leaks away’ to sub- and supranational institutions, and in which peoples, socie- ties and cooperative ventures are not necessarily identical (cf. also Wissenburg, 2007). In this respect, Xxxxx was at least a decade ahead of, and may still inspire, current academic debates on the right to partial or total secession, on the justification of borders per se, and about the (at least contractual) justification of governance and institutions of governance. XXXXX XXXXX’X LECTURE Undoubtedly, Xxxx Xxxxx’ A Theory of Justice (1971) has been responsible for an upsurge in the production of political philosophical literature. Yet little of what has been written since – including my own work – concerns the concept of the state. Modern political philosophy takes the state and its boundaries as a given, in sharp contrast to classic contract theor- ists like Xxxxxx, Xxxxx, and Xxxxxxxx. Xxxxx himself is a good example: his theory is built on the assumption of a certain kind of society, characterized as a group of people living in a state, with a common sense of justice, and rules to which they agree and generally adhere. A society is, furthermore, supposed to know no immigration or emigration, to be economically self-sufficient, and to have no external obligations of any kind. In short, Xxxxx’ view of society is not xxx- xxxxx for this century; an organization like the UN does not fit into his theory. Within this framework, Xxxxx develops a social-democratic theory of the rights of citizens. His explicit aim is the reconcilia- tion of liberty and equality by means of his two principles. Liberty in these principles is represented by civil liberties and the free- dom to follow one’s preferences; equality is the basic principle of distribution. How- ever, the theory has a hidden third leg – efficiency. Xxxxx turns the Pareto-principle of rationality or efficiency into a principle of justice. He allows deviations from equality in those cases where an unequal distribution would make someone better off than she was before, without making anyone else worse off. From these possi- ble Pareto-optimal distributions, Xxxxx then selects the most equal distribution, the one that makes the worst-off in society best off – the so-called maximin-rule. Now Xxxxx is important for two reasons. Firstly, he is politically important. Ever since the publication of his book, it seems clear to us that if a moderately redistribu- tive welfare state – like ours – can be defended, then Xxxxx’ theory would be best suited. Secondly, he is intellectually important as he has set the agenda for political philosophy, leaving open numer- ous lines for criticism and revision. Let me illustrate four possible types of move towards Xxxxx. Firstly, Xxxxx’ argu- ments can be criticized, especially his Original Position and the derivation of his principles from this version of the state of nature. There are other conceivable ori- ginal positions, and I think mine is one of the more interesting (cf. Xxxxx, 1989). Secondly, there are internal problems of consistency in his theory. His principle of distributive justice – the ‘difference principle’ – for instance combines two political theories in one: Xxxxxx’s, which is welfare-based, and his own, which is resource-based. The ~~identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos~~ effect of ~~all flavors interacting~~ applying this principle might be that someone gets paid more (resources) as an incentive to work harder in the ~~atmosphere at large zenith angles~~interest of society, but in fact works less hard, and therefore has more welfare. The difference principle is intuitively appealing, but cannot be taken seriously as it stands now. the social security of a welfare state. I now switch to autobiography for a short personal statement. I feel com- mitted to both the political and the intellectual programme of Xxxxx: I think the Western European arrangements of societies are better than any existing alternative, and I think that changes in these arrangements must be defended from within the existing framework. The most fruitful approach to political theory is contractual, that is, justification of theories by agreement under ideal con- ditions. Xxxxxxx Xxxxx’ Political Equality (1990) is an excellent example of this approach, as ~~well~~ is my own three-volume treatise on social justice1 – though I fear it will turn out in the same way as ~~for Earth-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative~~ my Political Argument (Xxxxx, 1968), which seems to have been the ~~Earth~~last contribution to linguistic philosophy. ~~No neutrino candidates were found~~ My book on social justice may be seen as the end of the line, while the philosophical debate is moving into new territory. I do not think that I am saying the last word on the subject, but perhaps our energy can be spent in ~~∼ 14.7 years~~ better ways. Now why do I say this? Because build- ing theories of ~~data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux~~this kind is more costly than beneficial. The ~~90% C.L. single~~advantages are real; there is now a well-~~flavor limit to~~ worked out tradition for analysing states – but the ~~diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum~~ problem is that the conceptual net catches too little reality. Compare Xxxxx’ assumptions about the state: the facts are that there are many political decisions taken outside the state’s borders – for example in ~~the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–~~the

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End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ~~ournal~~ Control of ~~Cosmology~~ prehension in hemiparetic cerebral palsy: similarities and ~~Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022~~ differences between the ipsi- and contra-lesional sides of the body Xxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx*, Nijmegen Institute for Cognition and Information, Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen, Nijmegen; Xxxx van der Xxxx, Institute for Fundamental and Clinical Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. E-mail: ~~auger xxxxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxx Received June 19~~xxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxx.xx This study aimed at broadening our insight into ipsi- and contra-lesional control of prehension after unilateral brain damage. Six male adults with hemiparetic cerebral palsy (mean age 17 years 3 months, ~~2019 Accepted September 5~~SD 15 months) performed unrestricted grasping of discs that differed in size (40, ~~2019 Published October 8~~60, ~~2019 Abstract~~and 80mm in diameter) and which were placed at different distances from the participants (150mm and 30mm). ~~Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable~~ A precalibrated Optotrak 3020 system was used for recording motion. Kinematics of the transport and grasp component, and hand orientation at the moment of grasping, were determined. A marker on the wrist was used to calculate the kinematics of the transport component. The distance between the markers on the index finger and thumb was used for the calculation of the grasp component. Kinematic variables of the transport and grasp component were remarkably similar between both sides of the body. However, with the ~~Surface Detec- tor Array~~ contra- lesional side, more time was spent in contact with the object before it was lifted, and movements were performed less fluently compared with the ipsi-lesional side. Maximum grasp aperture was attained very late during reaching. For final hand orientation, results showed a large standard deviation both within and between participants. These findings show that, despite the ostensible awkward prehension movements of the ~~Xxxxxx Xxxxx Observatory~~contra-lesional side (slowness and decreased fluency), similarities in the kinematics between both sides of the body are present, which may be indicative of intact central control of the movement. The ~~identification~~ results of variant final hand orientation, combined with the relative late occurrence of peak aperture, suggest that these participants encounter difficulties with forward planning and may use a step-by-step control strategy. In individuals with hemiparetic cerebral palsy (CP), i.e. uni- lateral brain damage acquired before, during, or after birth, the ability to perform a variety of daily activities is ~~efficiently performed~~ reduced. Research on the control of prehension movements in this par- ticipant group is, however, relatively scarce (see Xxxxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx 2001). Generally, CP results in spasticity, a condi- tion that may be characterized as a velocity-dependent increase in tonic reflexes resulting in an excessive and awkward acti- vation of skeletal muscles (Xxxxx 1980, Xxxxxx et al. 1994). Spasticity occurs in a variety of forms and severity levels that reflect the location, size, and timing of the cerebral lesion. Consequently, spasticity is associated with many symptoms, such as excessive coactivation of antagonistic muscles, hyperactive stretch reflexes, associated movements, stereo- typed movement synergies, and hypertonia (Xxxxxxx-Xxxx and Woollacot 1995). Currently, there is a debate as to whether the ostensibly awkward behavioural patterns that one can observe in atypical populations, such as those with hemiparetic CP, should be considered pathological or the result of adaptation process- es (Xxxxxx and Xxxxx 1996, Xxxx-Xxxxx et al. 1997, Xxxx et al. 2000, Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxx 2002, Xxxxx et al. 2002, Xxxxxxxxxxx and Meulenbroek 2003). Importantly, our lack of knowledge about the basic principles of motor control seri- ously complicates a distinction to be made between what may be termed a disorder per se and the short- or long-term adap- tation to this disorder (Gielen 1996, Latash and Xxxxx 1996, Xxxxxxxxxxx and Meulenbroek 2003). Therefore, invari- ances and deviations in movement behaviour of atypical groups need to be meticulously researched in varying exper- imental conditions, so that the principles of (deviant) motor control are better understood and our knowledge of the dis- order-adaptation issue may be advanced. A ubiquitous feature of movement performance in hemi- paretic CP is the presence of large timing differences between the ipsi- and contra-lesional sides (i.e. unimpaired and impaired respectively) of the body (Xxxx and Xxxxxxx 1988; Xxxxx et al. 1989; Xxxxxx and Xxxxx 1995; Xxxxx and Xxxxxx 1998; Xxxxxxxxxxx et al. 1996, 1998, 2000a). A meta-analysis in which unimanual hitting, reaching, and grasping move- ments were compared for ~~neutrinos~~ ipsi- and contra-lesional sides of ~~all flavors interacting~~ the body, showed an increase in manual asymmetries from hitting, to reaching to grasping (Xxx Xxxxx et al. 2000, Xxx Xxxxx and Xxxxxxxxxxx 2001). It was claimed that the larger timing differences could be attributable to the increased involvement of the more distal hand and flnger musculature. Moreover, several studies showed an increased involvement of the proximal trunk and a decreased involvement of the more distal elbow in participants with hemiparesis compared with controls (stroke: Xxxxx 1996, Xxxxxxx and Xxxxx 2000; CP: Xxxxxxxxxxx et al. 2000a; Xxx Xxxx et al. 2003, 2004). Collectively, these flndings suggest that the disorders at the more distal grasp component of the contra-lesional side are augmented, causing the large performance differences between both sides of the body. However, thus far, the char- acteristics of the grasp component of the contra-lesional side have not been studied, nor have the characteristics of the transport and grasp component been examined together in this group of participants (kinematics of the transport com- ponent for both limbs in hemiparetic CP: Xxxxxxxxxxx et al. 2000a; kinematics of the grasp component of the preferred hand in quadriplegic CP: Cope and Xxxxxxx 1998; kinematics of the ipsi-lesional side after stroke: Xxxxxxx 1993, Xxxxx 1996, Xxxxxxxxxxx et al. 1999). In the present study, we examined the kinematics of the transport and grasp component of both sides of the body to search for the invariances in kinematics that have repeatedly been reported in participants without disabilities. Examples of these invariances include influences of object location on the kinematics of the wrist transport (Xxxxxxxxx 1984, Xxxxxxxxxx et al. 1991), and influences of object size on the kinematics of the grasp aperture (Xxxxxxx and Weeks 1988, Xxxxxxxxx et al. 1990, Xxxxx et al. 1997, Xxxxxxxxx et al. 1997). For example, Xxxxxxxxx et al. (1990), using ten discs differing in size, showed distinctive effects of disc size on grasp aperture. When participants without neuroimpairments had to grasp smaller discs, peak aperture was attained earlier and the amplitude of peak aperture was scaled to disc size, such that larger discs induced larger peak apertures. These authors argued that an increase in accuracy constraints of the task, by reducing disc size, is reflected in the ~~atmosphere at large zenith angles~~timing of hand opening and closing. Comparison of these previous flndings in controls with par- ticipants of the present study may provide important insights into the principles guiding control of prehension that are unal- tered after unilateral brain damage. In addition, as similarities in the kinematics between both sides of the body in the par- ticipants of the present study may inform us about the cen- tral (re)organization of the underlying control structures after unilateral brain damage. As well as deviations during movement execution, partici- pants with hemiparetic CP also show deviations in the type of grip they use when they grasp an object. In participants with- out disabilities, there is ample evidence to suggest that opti- mization of end posture comfort is used as a constraint on grasp selection (Xxxxxxxxx et al. 1992, 1996; Xxxxxxxxx et al. 1997; Short and Cauraugh 1997, 1999). These flndings may have been altered after unilateral brain damage. Method PARTICIPANTS Six male participants with CP (mean age 17 years 3 months, SD 15 months) and diagnosed with mild spastic hemiparesis participated in the experiment on a voluntary basis. All par- ticipants were students from the Werkenrode Institute, where they followed an adapted education programme. Selection of the participants was based on several criteria. Participants needed to have functional sitting balance without adapted seating aids (on occasions a foot bench was used to enhance the stability of seating). All had normal or corrected-to-nor- mal vision and hearing, no hemi-neglect, and displayed the behavioural and attentional capacities necessary to perform the experiment. We ensured that every participant could reli- ably grasp each of the three discs that were used in the exper- iment, with both the ipsi- and contra-lesional side. Likewise, we ensured that object distance was well within functional reaching distance. Table I presents additional participant infor- xxxxxx. All participants had undergone extensive rehabilita- tion programmes, and their situation was described as stable. Some participants received physical therapy, aimed at pain relief and preventing contractures. Neurophysiological data on the exact location of the lesion were not available because partici- pants were students of the school for ~~Earth-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative to~~ special education, rather than patients in a clinical or medical setting. Participants were naive about the ~~Earth~~exact purpose of the experiment. ~~No neutrino candidates were found in ∼ 14.7 years of data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux~~Before the experiment, all participants gave written informed consent. The ~~90% C.L. single-flavor limit to~~ study was approved by the ~~diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos~~ local ethics committee and performed in accordance with ~~an Eν−2 spectrum~~ the ethical standards laid down in the ~~energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–~~1964 Declaration of Helsinki.

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End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ~~ournal~~ the concept of ~~Cosmology~~ the state in political philosophy Department of Public Administration and ~~Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022~~ Political Science, Institute for Management Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, PO Box 9108, 6500 HK Nijmegen, the Netherlands E-mail: ~~auger xxxxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxx Received June 19~~x.xxxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx *Corresponding editor. doi:10.1057/eps.2010.56 Abstract In a lecture given in 1991, ~~2019 Accepted September 5~~while working on the never finished third volume of his series on theories of justice, ~~2019 Published October 8~~Xxxxx Xxxxx gave a rare glimpse into the ideas with which he was wrestling – twenty years ahead of present-day political theorists. What is the role of the state, ~~2019 Abstract~~how are we to conceptualize it, in a world if globalization, and against the background of a legitimate appeal for international distributive justice? Keywords international justice; social justice; sovereignty; state T EDITOR’S NOTE 92 european political science: 10 2011 at his talk into an article. ~~Neutrinos~~ Moreover, the notes he used were already part of the book manuscript he was working on at the time – the never completed third volume of his treatise on social justice. Xxxxx felt that turning the lecture into an article would add little to, and only distract from his work on, the book – but he did not mind publication in the form I proposed: authorized lecture notes dis- playing one of the best political philoso- phers of our days struggling to perfect and further develop his ideas though debate with ~~energies above 1017 eV are detectable~~ his critics. The text was offered for publication in the journal of the Dutch Political Science Association in the autumn of 1991, but its editors neither appreciated the format, nor were they (92 – 102) & 2011 European Consortium for Political Research. 1680-4333/11 xxx.xxxxxxxx-xxxxxxxx.xxx/xxx/ impressed by the novelty of what Xxxxx had to offer. It was rediscovered in 2009 in the process of converting files, created with now defunct word processing software, to a more current format. I have added nothing to the original text, except a couple of references to Xxxxx Xxxxx’x own (later) work. Although little of what Xxxxx had to say is really surprising, from the point of view of 2009, the text does offer a rare glimpse into the ideas with which Theories of Justice: Volume III might have begun, and for the biographer it shows the very first signs of his growing impatience with academic political philosophy. The 1991 lecture was prepared while he was working on the final draft of his second volume in the Theories of Justice series – or so he thought at the time. However, Xxxxx Xxxxx always refused to publish any text he was not deeply satisfied with; hence, Justice as Impar- tiality did not appear until 1995. Volume III – which, as Xxxxx announced in 1991, would discuss international justice – was never finished. Moreover, he soon changed his plans and intended to devote Volume III to the institutions of justice (cf. Xxxxxxx, 2009). Instead, after a period during which Xxxxx wrote about environmental and intergenerational justice, he aban- doned purely ‘academic’ political theory completely in favour of more involved writing like Culture and Equality (2002) and Why Social Justice Matters (2005). As Xxxxx Xxxxxxx (2009) noted, Xxxxx left behind the manuscript of a book on international social justice, all but finished in 1980: Rich Countries and Poor Coun- tries. Had it been published then, the book would have set him on a collision course with Xxxxxxx Xxxxx (1979) and Xxxxxx Xxxxx (1989), the first major thinkers to apply Xxxx Xxxxx’ theory of social justice on a global scale (the oracle himself remained silent on global justice until 1997; cf. Xxxxx, 1999). While Xxxxx certainly agreed with the ~~Surface Detec- tor Array~~ cosmopolitans on the existence of global distributive ‘y American academics in general attach far too much importance to the state and far too easily assume that only a world injustice and of moral obligations towards the world’s poor, the 1991 lecture illustrates that, and why he had little faith in global redistributive institutions or powers. Justice requires a commitment, a sense of belonging, to a cooperative venture, and it requires strong institutions to effectively implement redistribution, neither of which a global society or world state can offer in any foreseeable future. A position like this might be taken as support for Xxxxx’ later rejection of global justice; for Xxxxx (1999), the reciprocity, broadness, intensity and duration of the ~~Xxxxxx~~ ties that make a people a people justify limiting social justice to within the bor- ders of its state, and justify the rejection of global redistribution. Yet the most important message in Xxxxx’x 1991 lec- ture is that Xxxxx ~~Observatory~~and – as we can sense in Xxxxx’x reply to a comment by Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx – American academics in gen- eral attaches far too much importance to the state and far too easily assumes that only a world state can be an alternative for the classical nation-state. Xxxxx calls for a far more flexible understanding of structures of social cooperation, reflecting a political reality in which state authority ‘leaks away’ to sub- and supranational institutions, and in which peoples, socie- ties and cooperative ventures are not necessarily identical (cf. also Wissenburg, 2007). In this respect, Xxxxx was at least a decade ahead of, and may still inspire, current academic debates on the right to partial or total secession, on the justification of borders per se, and about the (at least contractual) justification of governance and institutions of governance. XXXXX XXXXX’X LECTURE Undoubtedly, Xxxx Xxxxx’ A Theory of Justice (1971) has been responsible for an upsurge in the production of political philosophical literature. Yet little of what has been written since – including my own work – concerns the concept of the state. Modern political philosophy takes the state and its boundaries as a given, in sharp contrast to classic contract theor- ists like Xxxxxx, Xxxxx, and Xxxxxxxx. Xxxxx himself is a good example: his theory is built on the assumption of a certain kind of society, characterized as a group of people living in a state, with a common sense of justice, and rules to which they agree and generally adhere. A society is, furthermore, supposed to know no immigration or emigration, to be economically self-sufficient, and to have no external obligations of any kind. In short, Xxxxx’ view of society is not xxx- xxxxx for this century; an organization like the UN does not fit into his theory. Within this framework, Xxxxx develops a social-democratic theory of the rights of citizens. His explicit aim is the reconcilia- tion of liberty and equality by means of his two principles. Liberty in these principles is represented by civil liberties and the free- dom to follow one’s preferences; equality is the basic principle of distribution. How- ever, the theory has a hidden third leg – efficiency. Xxxxx turns the Pareto-principle of rationality or efficiency into a principle of justice. He allows deviations from equality in those cases where an unequal distribution would make someone better off than she was before, without making anyone else worse off. From these possi- ble Pareto-optimal distributions, Xxxxx then selects the most equal distribution, the one that makes the worst-off in society best off – the so-called maximin-rule. Now Xxxxx is important for two reasons. Firstly, he is politically important. Ever since the publication of his book, it seems clear to us that if a moderately redistribu- tive welfare state – like ours – can be defended, then Xxxxx’ theory would be best suited. Secondly, he is intellectually important as he has set the agenda for political philosophy, leaving open numer- ous lines for criticism and revision. Let me illustrate four possible types of move towards Rawls. Firstly, Xxxxx’ argu- ments can be criticized, especially his Original Position and the derivation of his principles from this version of the state of nature. There are other conceivable ori- ginal positions, and I think mine is one of the more interesting (cf. Xxxxx, 1989). Secondly, there are internal problems of consistency in his theory. His principle of distributive justice – the ‘difference principle’ – for instance combines two political theories in one: Xxxxxx’s, which is welfare-based, and his own, which is resource-based. The ~~identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos~~ effect of ~~all flavors interacting~~ applying this principle might be that someone gets paid more (resources) as an incentive to work harder in the ~~atmosphere at large zenith angles~~interest of society, but in fact works less hard, and therefore has more welfare. The difference principle is intuitively appealing, but cannot be taken seriously as it stands now. the social security of a welfare state. I now switch to autobiography for a short personal statement. I feel com- mitted to both the political and the intellectual programme of Xxxxx: I think the Western European arrangements of societies are better than any existing alternative, and I think that changes in these arrangements must be defended from within the existing framework. The most fruitful approach to political theory is contractual, that is, justification of theories by agreement under ideal con- ditions. Xxxxxxx Xxxxx’ Political Equality (1990) is an excellent example of this approach, as ~~well~~ is my own three-volume treatise on social justice1 – though I fear it will turn out in the same way as ~~for Earth-skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative~~ my Political Argument (Xxxxx, 1968), which seems to have been the ~~Earth~~last contribution to linguistic philosophy. ~~No neutrino candidates were found~~ My book on social justice may be seen as the end of the line, while the philosophical debate is moving into new territory. I do not think that I am saying the last word on the subject, but perhaps our energy can be spent in ~~∼ 14.7 years~~ better ways. Now why do I say this? Because build- ing theories of ~~data taken up to 31 August 2018. This leads to restrictive upper bounds on their flux~~this kind is more costly than beneficial. The ~~90% C.L. single~~advantages are real; there is now a well-~~flavor limit to~~ worked out tradition for analysing states – but the ~~diffuse flux of ultra-high-energy neutrinos with an Eν−2 spectrum~~ problem is that the conceptual net catches too little reality. Compare Xxxxx’ assumptions about the state: the facts are that there are many political decisions taken outside the state’s borders – for example in ~~the energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–~~the

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End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University ~~ournal~~ Understanding “Failed” Markets: Conflicting Logics and Dissonance in Attempts to Price the Priceless Child Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx Xxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx Downloaded by RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN At 05:07 01 March 2017 (PT) To cite this document: Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx Xxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx . "Understanding “Failed” Markets: Conflicting Logics and Dissonance in Attempts to Price the Priceless Child" In How Institutions Matter! Published online: 22 Dec 2016; 37-68. Permanent link to this document: Downloaded on: 01 March 2017, At: 05:07 (PT) References: this document contains references to 0 other documents. To copy this document: xxxxxxxxxxx@xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.xxx The fulltext of ~~Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics JCAP10(2019)022 E-mail~~this document has been downloaded 40 times since 2016* (2016),"Institutional Maintenance through Business Collective Action: ~~auger xxxxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxx Received June 19, 2019 Accepted September 5, 2019 Published October 8, 2019 Abstract. Neutrinos with energies above 1017 eV are detectable~~ The Alcohol Industry’s Engagement with the ~~Surface Detec- tor Array~~ Issue of Alcohol-Related Harm", Research in the ~~Xxxxxx Xxxxx Observatory~~Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 48B pp. 101-143 xxxx://xx.xxx.xxx/10.1108/ S0733-558X201600048B006 (2016),"How Institutional Logics Matter: A Bottom-Up Exploration", Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Vol. 48A pp. 137-155 xxxx://xx.xxx.xxx/10.1108/ S0733-558X201600048A005 Access to this document was granted through an Emerald subscription provided by emerald-srm:304742 [] If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit xxx.xxxxxxxxxxxxxx.xxx/xxxxxxx for more information. Emerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The ~~identification is efficiently performed for neutrinos~~ company manages a portfolio of ~~all flavors interacting in the atmosphere at large zenith angles~~more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services. Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Xxxxxxx and the LOCKSS initiative for ~~Earth~~digital archive preservation. *Related content and download information correct at time of download. Downloaded by RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN At 05:07 01 March 2017 (PT) Downloaded by RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN At 05:07 01 March 2017 (PT) UNDERSTANDING “FAILED” MARKETS: CONFLICTING LOGICS AND DISSONANCE IN ATTEMPTS TO PRICE THE PRICELESS CHILD‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌ Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx How Institutions Matter! Research in the Sociology of Organizations, Volume 48B, 37—68 Copyright Ⓒ 2017 by Emerald Group Publishing Limited All rights of reproduction in any form reserved ISSN: 0733-~~skimming τ neutrinos with nearly tangential trajectories relative~~ 558X/doi:10.1108/S0733-558X201600048 B002 Downloaded by RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN At 05:07 01 March 2017 (PT) Keywords: Cognitive dissonance; institutional logics; marketization; institutional change; failure; childcare 1). These wider trends are often linked to the ~~Earth~~ascendance of neo-liberal thought (Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 2001) rooted in the Chicago School of Economics which aggressively suggested that all arenas of social and eco- nomic life could be efficiently organized as markets (Xxxxxx, 1976), and successfully advocated market-embracing social policies. ~~No neutrino candidates were found in ∼ 14.7 years~~ In turn, policy- makers became influenced by conservative think tanks such as the American Enterprise Institute as well as major international NGOs and institutions such as the World Bank and IMF that promoted market- based solutions. However, despite the seeming hegemony of ~~data taken up~~ market-based policies, research has shown that markets are complex social structures that can be extraordinarily difficult to ~~31 August 2018~~construct (Xxxxxxxxx, 2001; Xxxxxxxx, 1990). This ~~leads~~ has been vividly demonstrated in macro-societal research on transitions from Socialism to ~~restrictive upper bounds on~~ Capitalism (Xxxx, Szele´nyi, & Xxxxxxxx, 1998; Xxxxxxx, 1999; Xxxxx, 1992). Yet, our understanding of market construction remains limited, especially with regard to how market creation efforts can go awry. While markets have seemingly taken over the world, it would be especially useful for us to understand the conditions under which they fail to take hold. We argue that societal institutions and institutionalized practices in organizations matter in shaping markets, or in our case, how they constrain neo-liberal attempts to privatize public sectors, often under the guise of the so-called new public management (Xxxxx & Xxxxxxxxxxxx, 2006). Downloaded by RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN At 05:07 01 March 2017 (PT) Given that the successful creation and functioning of markets requires shared belief systems that enable producers and consumers to understand the nature and quality of what is being exchanged, situations of institu- tional complexity, where alternative institutional logics offer competing behavioral prescriptions (Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxxx, 2011; Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxxx, 2012) can undermine the creation of such shared beliefs around markets. For instance, the remaking of an existing field animated by social welfare or religious logics into a market may meet with resistance by dominant incumbents (Xxxxxxxxx, 1996). That is, in situations where incumbents feel threatened by efforts to alter dominant logics, established actors may counter-mobilize to protect their ~~flux~~jurisdictions and established routines (Xxxxx, Xxxxxx, & XxXxxxxx, 2008). ~~The 90% C.L. single~~Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx (2007) showed how banking professionals sought to maintain their professionally oriented community logic that was under assault by large, outsider banks promulgating a corporate-~~flavor limit~~ oriented market logic, by creating a variety of new community banks. We believe that more needs to be done to conceptually understand how the particular contexts of different fields may make them more or less prone to the ~~diffuse flux~~ creation of ~~ultra~~markets. For instance, we believe that resistance to market logics may be more likely to be observed and effective under condi- tions where the field experiencing a threatening change is relatively homo- geneous and dominated by a single logic that underpins core incumbents. Under conditions of institutional complexity (Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2011), where fields are informed by multiple conflicting logics, and fragmented with a variety of organizations with different values and beliefs, resistant collective action may be more difficult to mobilize in response to efforts to create a market. However, pockets of resistance may still occur in this latter situation if some organizations interpret institutional change as a threat to their core identities and values. But whether and how such pockets of resis- tance can lead to halting market creation remains an important puzzle. To aid in this broader theory-~~high-energy neutrinos~~ building effort, we illustrate our arguments with an ~~Eν−2 spectrum~~ attempt by the Dutch state to marketize childcare organizations by creating a childcare market (see also Xxxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxxxxx, 2015). We probe how a field comprised of multiple logics enabled organizations to variously resist adopting and implementing market logic practices. We document that even though the heterogeneity among child- care managers and their logics inhibited organized collective resistance, marketization efforts never took root, and have even been rolled back. We argue that underlying this resistance and failed market creation were strong institutionalized beliefs about childcare and a considerable amount of cog- nitive dissonance (Xxxxxxxxx, 1957) that cumulated into profound ambiva- lence at the field level, which constrained the privatization efforts of the government. Downloaded by RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN At 05:07 01 March 2017 (PT) In the next section, we discuss how institutional complexity can stimu- late variegated responses, motivating our empirical illustration. We then provide an analytical narrative that tracks the effort to marketize Dutch childcare. Following the presentation of our illustrative case, we provide a process model of resistance under conditions of institutional complexity, and discuss its implications for future theorizing on institutional change. — While the market logic has become increasingly pervasive, fields are typi- cally characterized by multiple institutional logics that fuel the emergence of new practices as actors invoke, blend, or fuse logics to solve problems (Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2011; XxXxxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 2013; Xxxxxx, 2010). Institutional logics define the ends and shape the means by which interests are determined and pursued and provide the glue that links action and institutional effects in organizational fields arenas where actors “compete over the ~~energy range 1.0 × 1017 eV–~~definition of issues and the form of institutions that will guide organizational behavior” (Xxxxxxx, 1999, p. 352). While Xxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxx (1991) identified five societal-level logics, capitalism, family, the bureaucratic state, democracy, and religion, scholars later identified other categories, notably corporate, professional, and more recently, community logics (Xxxxxxxx, 2004; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2012). Many fields and organiza- tions are by their very nature “an incarnation or embodiment of multiple logics” (Xxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2008, p. 244). For instance, healthcare is shaped by the logics of the market, the state, and professional medical care (Xxxxx, 2004) as is the field of pharmacy (Xxxxxxxx & Xxxx, 2011). Organizations in pluralistic fields operate across institutional spheres subject to “incompa- tible prescriptions from multiple institutional logics” (Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2011, p. 317). While earlier work often portrayed multiple institutional logics as starting or endpoints of change where subordinate, secondary or “minor- ity” logics may disrupt dominant logics (Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2012; Downloaded by RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN At 05:07 01 March 2017 (PT) Xxxxxxxxx, 2001, 2007; Xxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxxxx, 2003; Xxxxxxxx, 2002), more recent work has shown that logic multiplicity and institutional com- plexity may persist and xxxxxx (Xxxxxxxx & Xxxx, 2011; Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2011; Xxxxxx, 2010; Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxx, 2015). Competing prescriptions may co-exist and require organizations to con- tinuously manage “constellations” of logics, both dominant and subordi- nate (Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 2012), as well as cooperative and competing (Xxxxxxxx & Xxxx, 2011; Xxx & Xxxxxxxxx, 2015). While often driven by a dominant logic, organizations may also borrow and experiment with other socially available logics and practices grounded in these logics to solve local problems (Xxxxxx, 2012; Xxxxxxxxxx, 2007). But how do organizations navigate through conflicting institutional pressures in pluralistic fields where multiple logics guide behavior?

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