Common use of End User Agreement Clause in Contracts

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX is a co-founder of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War, the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital (JEM), Xxxx-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute (DGN), and Boston Children’s Hospital (DGN), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx XX, et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020).

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX is a coClimate Policy ISSN: 1469-founder of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War, the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a co3062 (Print) 1752-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital 7457 (JEM), Xxxx-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute (DGN), and Boston Children’s Hospital (DGN), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx XX, et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2Online) Journal homepage: xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxxxx.xxx/loi/tcpo20 Solidarity in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395transboundary flood risk management: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing view from the household because they typically have Dutch North Rhine–Westphalian catchment area Marjolein X.X. Xxx Xxxx, Xxxx X. Wiering & Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx To cite this article: Xxxxxxxxx X.X. Xxx Xxxx, Xxxx X. Wiering & Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx (2017) Solidarity in transboundary flood risk management: A view from the Dutch North Rhine–Westphalian catchment area, Climate Policy, 17:3, 261-279, DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2015.1075376 To link to (partly) replace this article: xxxx://xx.xxx.xxx/10.1080/14693062.2015.1075376 Published online: 19 Aug 2015. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 151 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Download by: [Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen] Date: 18 April 2017, At: 04:40 Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxxxx.xxx/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tcpo20 Vol. 17, No. 3, 261 – 279, xxxx://xx.xxx.xxx/10.1080/14693062.2015.1075376‌‌ B research article Solidarity in transboundary flood risk management: A view from the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related workDutch North Rhine– Westphalian catchment area MARJOLEIN X.X. VAN EERD1*, illnessXXXX X. WIERING1, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx CAREL DIEPERINK2 1 Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ PO Box 9108, 6500 HK, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (KB2 Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx Utrecht University, LundPostbus 00.000, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KSXxxxxxx, Samari G0000 XX, Xxxxxxx SXxx Xxxxxxxxxxx Climate change is putting pressure on water systems, et aland its effects transcend man-made boundaries, making cooperation across territorial borders essential. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice The governance of transboundary flood risk management calls for solidarity among riparians, as climate change will make river basins more prone to flooding. ‘Solidarity’ means that individuals act to support members of a particular community to which they belong. Recently, the solidarity principle has become institutionalized due to its formalization in the global COVID-19 responseEU Floods Directive. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77However, it is not clear what solidarity means in the upstream– downstream practices of trans- boundary flood risk management. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact Understanding the meaning of solidarity is important for the development of cross-border climate adaptation governance. This article discusses the conceptualization of the 2015 Ebola outbreaksolidarity principle and explores its meaning for international cooperation in the Dutch North Rhine– Westphalian border region. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70Our critical case study reveals that although all actors understand the importance of solidarity, they interpret it differently, often based on self-interest related to their position in the catchment. 3 UNICEFThe formal inclusion of the solidarity principle in the Floods Directive can best be seen as a step in the continuous development of transboundary flood risk governance, as no striking changes in practice have been identified after its formali- zation. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everydayPolicy relevance As climate change increasingly puts pressure on river basins and other shared resources, cross-border cooperation and xxxx- xxxxxx are seen as increasingly important. Oct 7, 2016This article discusses the meaning of solidarity in practice and reveals how this nor- mative principle may contribute to transboundary climate adaptation governance. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girlsUnderstanding its meaning is important for future cross-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020)border climate adaptation governance.

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX Effect of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene on major depressive disorder and related comorbid disorders Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx van der Xxxxx, Xxxxx X.E. Janzinga, Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxx-Xx´xxxxxx,b,c, Xxx X. Xxxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx,b Objectives The serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) has been proposed as a candidate gene for major depressive disorder (MDD). Association studies, however, have revealed inconsistent results. This could be because of the phenotypic heterogeneity of MDD, as it often presents with comorbid disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), alcohol-related disorders, and dysthymia. Methods In this exploratory study, we performed regression analyses with generalized estimating equations in patients with familial MDD (n = 233) in order to explore whether a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) is differentially associated with MDD and a comorbid disorder compared with MDD without that particular comorbidity. As in general, GAD is more common in females and alcohol-related disorders are more common in males, the analyses were stratified for sex. Results Comorbid dysthymia was less common in s-allele carriers with MDD (P < 0.05) than in patients homozygous for the long allele. In the sex-specific analyses, an association between the 5-HTTLPR and comorbid alcohol use disorders was observed in females, with s-carriers reporting significantly less alcohol use disorders. The relationship with comorbid GAD differed by sex with male s-carriers reporting more comorbid GAD than female s-carriers. 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was associated with significantly lower rates of particular lifetime comorbid disorders. Therefore, the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders should be taken into account to clarify the association of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with MDD phenotypes. Psychiatr Genet 19:39–44 ◯c 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxx. Psychiatric Genetics 2009, 19:39–44 Keywords: 5-HTTLPR, alcohol use disorders, comorbidity, depression, familiality, generalized anxiety disorder, serotonin transporter gene, sex aDepartment of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Departments of bHuman Genetics and cEpidemiology and Biostatistics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Correspondence to Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx, PhD, Department of Human Genetics (855), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Post Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands Tel: + 00 (0) 00 0000000; fax: + 00 (0) 00 0000000; e-mail: x.xxxxxx@xxxxx.xxxx.xx Received 24 April 2008 Revised 25 September 2008 Accepted 4 October 2008 Introduction Family and twin studies have shown that major depressive disorder (MDD) has a familial pattern. Its prevalence is higher in first-degree relatives of MDD patients than in relatives of controls (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2000). The estimated heritability of MDD is 35–40% (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2000; Xxxx et al., 2004). Candidate gene studies trying to identify genetic MDD risk factors have revealed inconsistent results. The most frequently studied gene is the gene encoding the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4, 5-HTT, SERT: Heils et al., 1996; Xxxxx et al., 1996). The protein product of this gene is the target of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. The 5-HTT gene is located on chromosome 17q11.2 and is comprised of 14 exons. An insertion/deletion polymorphism with a short (s) allele (14 copies of a 20–23 base pair repeat unit) and a long (l) allele (16 copies) has been described in the promoter of the gene (Heils et al., 1996; Xxxxx et al., 1996). This variant, denoted 5-HTTLPR, is a cofunctional polymorphism in which the short allele (s-founder allele) is associated with lower 5-HTT transcription and function compared with the long allele (l-allele) (Xxxxx et al., 1996). This results in lower serotonin reuptake from the synaptic cleft in s-allele carriers compared with patients homozygous for the l-allele (Xxxxxxx et al., 1996). The transcription efficiency influences mood tone, circadian, and neuroendocrine functions such as sleep, appetite, sexual behavior, and motor function (Xxxxx and Xxxxxxx, 1998). These features are often disturbed in depression. Multiple association studies of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear Warthe 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with MDD have been performed. Two meta-analyses (Xxxxxxx et al., the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. 1998; Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital Xxxxxxx, 2004) described a small but significant association of s-allele carriership and the s/s genotype with depression. However, in a more recent meta-analysis (JEMXxxxx-Xx et al., 2005) no significant association was observed between this variant and MDD. 0955-8829 ◯c 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Xxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxx DOI: 10.1097/YPG.0b013e3283208061 × × × Besides studies testing the association of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with depression, gene–environment inter- action (G E) studies have been carried out. Xxxxx et al., (2003) were the first to show that s-carriers were more likely to develop depression after stressful life events than individuals homozygous for the l-allele. Since then, it has been suggested that the effects of the 5-HTTLPR may only be observed in the presence of stressful life events. A recent review of the G E studies (Xxxx and XxXxxxxx, 2008) showed that many G E studies replicated the Caspi et al. (2003) findings, though a few did not support the interaction. In addition to the effects of environmental factors, diagnostic diversity and phenotypic heterogeneity in MDD might also contribute to the inconsistency of association results seen for the 5-HTTLPR polymorph- ism. Phenotypic heterogeneity is clearly reflected by the high frequencies of different comorbid disorders present- ing in patients with MDD. Especially generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), Xxxxseveral other anxiety disorders, and alcohol use disorders are common in MDD (Xxxxxxx et al., 1996; Xxxxxxx et al., 1998; Xxxxxxxxxx et al., 2005b). Interestingly, for some of these disorders, associations with the 5-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute HTTLPR polymorphism have also been described (DGNFeinn et al., 2005; Xxxxx et al., 2006; Xxxx et al., 2007). As the association between the 5-HTTLPR and MDD remains controversial, we postulated that taking into account the specific comorbid disorders in the definition of the MDD phenotype for association studies would help to clarify the relationship between the 5- HTTLPR polymorphism and MDD, as clinically (and thus possibly also genetically) more homogeneous study samples are included. Such an approach is warranted, given several reports of familiality of MDD and a specific comorbid disorder, as is for example the case for MDD and GAD (Middeldorp et al., 2005a; Xxxxxxxxxx et al., 2005b), and Boston Children’s Hospital MDD and alcohol use disorders (DGN), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx XX, Xxxxxxxxxx et al., 1994; Xxxxxxxxxx et al., 2001; Xxxxxxxxxx et al., 2004). First In this exploratory study, we stratified the analyses for sex, as prevalences of comorbid disorders (such as anxiety and alcohol use disorders) are known personto vary between females and males (Xxxxxx et al., 1999; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2008). A sample with familial MDD was used because of the higher heritability of this type of MDD. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to evaluate the association between the 5-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) HTTLPR variant and MDD, while taking comorbid psychiatric disorders into account. Participants and methods Our sample was collected in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts context of an assumed thermonuclear attack on ongoing clinical family study into the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. genetics of MDD that started in 2004 in The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et alNetherlands (GenMood study). The 2019 report study was approved by the Dutch Central Medical Ethics Review Board and Local Ethics Boards. Patients were invited to participate through psychiatric treatment settings and advertisements. Inclusion criteria were (i) European Caucasian ethnicity; (ii) history of The Lancet Countdown on health MDD with a first episode between 12 and climate change: ensuring that the health 50 years of a child born today is not age, defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb Diagnostic and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html Statistical Manual of Mental Dis- orders (accessed June 10, 2020). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC4th edition); (iii) at least one first-degree relative with a history of MDD (formally diagnosed and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020treated).;

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX is REGULAR ARTICLE Binge Eating and Exercise Behavior after Surgery for Severe Obesity: A Structural Equation Model Xxxxxxx X. Xxxxxx, PhD1,2,3* Xxxxx Xxxxxx, PhD1 Xxxx xxx Xxxxxxxxx, MD, PhD4 Xxxx Xxxxx, PhD1 Xxxx X. Hox, PhD5 Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, PhD6 Xxxxxx X.X. xxx Doornen, PhD1 ABSTRACT Objective: The current study sought to find indications for the appropriateness of a comodel in which eating patterns and exercise beliefs influence binge eating and physical exercise, respectively, that, in turn, influence outcome after gastric banding for severe obesity. Method: Participants were 157 patients (144 females, 13 males) who completed questionnaires approximately 34 months (range ¼ 8–68 months) after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). Results: Our data showed a well-founder of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear Warfitting model in which external and emotional eating were associated with outcome through binge eating. Several exercise beliefs were associated with physical exercise, but physical exercise was not associated with weight loss or physical health. Conclusion: Binge eating was related more strongly to the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prizeoutcome after gas- tric banding than physical exercise. DGN is Fu- ture research should examine whether a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital (JEM), Xxxx-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute (DGN), and Boston Children’s Hospital (DGN), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx XX, et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack strong focus on the United Statesmanagement of binge eating and external and emotional eating could improve the outcome of morbidly obese patients with unsuccess- ful weight outcome after obesity surgery. N Engl J Med 1962VVC 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Keywords: severe obesity; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981obesity sur- xxxx; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988treatment outcome; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019eating be- havior; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020).physical exercise Introduction

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Faraday Discussions Published Online‌ XXX is a coon 22 November 2019. Downloaded by Radboud University Nijmegen on 10/21/2020 1:44:47 PM. Cite this: Faraday Discuss., 2019, 220, 282 DISCUSSIONS Mechanistic insight into organic and industrial transformations: general discussion Xxxxxx Xxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxx X. Xxxxx, Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxx, Xxxxx X. Xxxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx X. Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx, Xxxxx X. Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxx Xxx, Xxx Xxxxx-founder of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear WarXxxxx, the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxxx Xxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxx X. Xxxxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital (JEM)Xxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxxx, Xxxx-Xxxx Xxxx and Xxx Xxxxx DOI: 10.1039/C9FD90072A Discussion Xxxxxx Cancer Institute Xxxxxxxxx opened the discussion of the paper by Xxx X. Xxxxx-Xxxxx: The passage of stock solutions through stainless-steel needles during sample preparation or introduction into the apparatus led to rapid oxidative decay rates due to metal leaching. What practical measures should be taken in this and related systems and what would be the best alternative to stainless-steel needles? Xxx Xxxxx-Xxxxx answered: For this system, use of glass or polymer seems to work fine. For other systems, this is a difficult question to answer. It will always be a balance of practicality over ‘purity’. Just like using glass reaction vessels (DGNwhich are not always as inert as we would expect), stainless steel needles and Boston Childrencannulae are very convenient, and do not oen interfere with reactions. A few controls should hopefully elucidate if there is any interference, and if so, then other nominally inert materials (e.g. PTFE, ceramic, titanium, etc.) can be used, if required. Xxxxxxxx Xxxx continued the discussion of the paper: It’s Hospital great that you have figured this out. We’ve seen in other systems that decomposition is a lot more complex than one would think and our problem was that we couldn’t isolate and measure our product. Were you able to measure and fully characterise the product Discussions Faraday Discussions Published on 22 November 2019. Downloaded by Radboud University Nijmegen on 10/21/2020 1:44:47 PM. here? With the stainless steel needles, did you compare brand new ones with needles that had been used for something else? It’s slightly terrifying to hear this issue with stainless steel needles. These complexes initiate really quickly; do you know if there is a broader issue with other pre-catalysts? Xxx Xxxxx-Xxxxx answered: Regarding the GIII system, we were unable to characterise the ruthenium co-products; just benzaldehyde from a larger scale deliberate oxidation. We will explore whether there is a similar effect with other related complexes and publish in full in due course. The needle effect is indeed alarming. I have checked again with the co-workers and we found it with used needles (DGNi.e. one bonded to a gas-tight syringe) and with new needles (disposable, and luer-lock re-usable). These effects appear to be sporadic but we now think we have a needle-effect on another reaction we are studying, Harvard Medical Schoolwhich is completely unrelated to this paper. Xxxxxx Xxxxx asked: What’s the ruthenium product aer oxygenation? It might be prepared independently by generating singlet oxygen in situ. Maybe there is a way to shuttle the Ru decomposition product (oxido complex?) back into the reaction. Xxx Xxxxx-Xxxxx responded: We were unable to identify (but did not spend much time doing so) the Ru co-products; these were dark xxxxx-xxxxx precipi- tates. The direct reaction with air is slow, Bostonand does not generate PhCHO quan- titatively, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx XX, et alsuggesting that there are numerous reaction manifolds. First known person-to-person transmission Thank you for the excellent suggestion; we will certainly look at the effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack singlet oxygen on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race reaction (and indeed the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report catalyst may be inducing oxidation by generation of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020this in situ). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure It would also be interesting to see if an oxophilic carbene type reagent can regenerate the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020)active complex.

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX is Copyright B 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx X. X. xxx Xxxxxxxxx, MD, PhD, MA Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx, PhD Xxxxxxxx A. H. H. V. M. Xxxxxxxx, MD, PhD Xxxxxx X. Xxxxx, PhD Comparison of Attitudes of Guilt and Forgiveness in Cancer Patients Without Evidence of Disease and Advanced Cancer Patients in a coPalliative Care Setting K E Y W Cancer O R D S Background: Attitudes toward guilt and forgiveness may be important factors determining distress in cancer patients. Direct comparative studies in patients Curative care Distress Forgiveness Guilt Palliative care Religion with different life expectancies exploring attitudes toward guilt and forgiveness are lacking. Also, sociodemographic and religious characteristics determining the attitudes toward guilt and forgiveness are unknown. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare attitudes toward guilt and forgiveness in cancer patients without evidence of disease and advanced cancer patients. Methods: A descriptive research design was used. Ninety-founder seven patients without evidence of International Physicians disease and 55 advanced cancer patients filled out the Dutch Guilt Measurement Instrument and the Forgiveness of Others Scale. Results: Both groups had an attitude of nonreligious guilt and forgiveness, but not of religious guilt. No significant differences in attitudes toward guilt and forgiveness were observed between the 2 groups. In contrast to sociodemographic characteristics, religious characteristics were relevant predictors for Prevention guilt and forgiveness. Significant differences in relations between images of Nuclear WarGod and attitudes toward guilt were observed between the 2 patient groups. Conclusions: An attitude of nonreligious guilt and forgiveness was found in cancer patients, irrespective of the organisation awarded stage of disease. Religious characteristics were significantly associated with attitudes of guilt and forgiveness. This correlation differed in the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a co-founder early and the advanced Author Affiliations: Department of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxx Medical Oncology (Drs xxx Xxxxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital (JEMXxxxxxxx), Xxxx-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute Department of Empirical Theology, Faculty of Theology (DGNDrs xxx Xxxxxxxxx and Schilderman), Expert Centre of Palliative Care (Xx Xxxxxxxx), and Boston Children’s Hospital Department of Medical Psychology (DGNXx Xxxxx), Harvard Radboud University Nijmegen Medical SchoolCentre, Bostonthe Netherlands; and Department of Medical Oncology (Xx xxx Xxxxxxxxx), MA 02115Academic Medical Centre, USA 1 Ghinai IUniversity of Amsterdam the Netherlands. This study was funded in part by the Dutch Comprehensive Cancer Centre East. The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose. Correspondence: Xxxxxxx X. X. xxx Laarhoven, XxXxxxxxx XXMD, Xxxxxx XXPhD, et alMA, Depart- ment of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, X0-000, 0000 XX Xxxxxxxxx, xxx Xxxxxxxxxxx (x.xxxxxxxxxxxx@xxx.xxx.xx). First known person-to-person transmission Accepted for publication November 27, 2011. DOI: 10.1097/NCC.0b013e318243fb30 setting of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease. Implications for Practice: The observed relations between religious characteristics and attitudes of guilt and forgiveness suggest that a careful examination of the role of religious beliefs and values is relevant in the USAclinical care of patients with cancer, both in the setting of early and advanced disease. Lancet 2020; 395: 1137–44O ne of the main goals for cancer nursing is the alle- viation or amelioration of patients’ distress. 2 Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health Distress is a multifactorial unpleasant emotional experience of a child born today psychological (cognitive, behavioral, emotional), social, and/or spiritual nature that may interfere with the ability to cope effectively with cancer, its physical symptoms, and its treatment.1 The National Comprehensive Cancer Network classifies the experience of guilt as one of the important as- pects that should be considered in distress management.1 The importance of this aspect is not defined underscored by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter several studies that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched have assessed the atom bomb relation between distress and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread feelings of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent guilt about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live one’s own role in the worlddevelopment of cancer. For example, breast cancer survivors who blamed themselves for their cancer reported more mood disturbance and poorer quality of life than women who did not blame themselves.2 Similarly, in a study of patients with lung, breast, or prostate cancer, the belief that one caused one’s least developed countries own cancer was cor- related with higher levels of anxiety and depression.3 The concept of guilt is closely linked to forgiveness. There can be forgiveness only where getting we can accuse someone of something, presume someone to be guilty, or declare him/her guilty.4 Several studies have shown that an education attitude of forgive- ness is already a struggleassociated with decreased distress. We agree For example, in pa- tients with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemiccoronary artery disease, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countrieshigher levels of forgiveness were associated with lower levels of anxiety, depression, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemicperceived stress, as well as collecting data lower cholesterol levels.5 In fact, for- giveness may be related to quantify their effectsless physiological reactivity to stress and improved mental health.6,7 Both guilt and forgiveness may be regarded as basic psy- chosocial phenomena. Guilt can be defined as an affective state in which one experiences having done something that one be- lieves one should not have done, or, vice versa, having not done something one believes one should have done. Thus, guilt may include a far broader range of experiences than self- blame about the cause of one’s cancer. Feelings of guilt may develop because of an argument with a friend, a marriage that did not persist, a task that could not be completed, or a life that could not be lived according to one’s own ideals. As such, all these experiences of guilt may induce distress. From a psy- chosocial perspective, forgiveness may be regarded as an adap- tive process of emotion-focused coping that has functional utility in overcoming negative mood states such as anger, anxiety, depression, and guilt.8 It may serve as an antidote for toxic bitterness.9 Although experiences with both forgiveness of others and being forgiven may be encountered in clinical practice, in a previous study it has been shown that forgiving others was a more prominent issue for cancer patients.10 However, guilt and forgiveness are important in honouring the commitment not only basic psychoso- cial phenomena; they have another nature as well. The words guilt and forgiveness may evoke existential or spiritual and re- ligious associations.11 From this perspective, guilt refers not only to an affective state, but also to the Sustainable Development Goalsfundamental expe- rience that human beings are fallible. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx XxxxxxxxxOur very possibility to act, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice to live our lives in the global COVID-19 responseway we do, implies we could also have acted and lived in a different way. Lancet 2020If we do not manage to live a life that can hold up to our standards of sense and meaning, this can lead to the expe- rience of guilt. In a religious context, guilt implies not only that our own personal or societal standards have not been met, but also that our relationship with God is disturbed by this failure.12 Guilt may be experienced in terms of sin. Similarly, forgiveness may not only function as an adaptive process to overcome negative mood states, but may also evoke the fundamental experience that one is accepted and loved despite one’s failings.13 Forgiveness, then, refers to the power to unbind an agent from his/her act.4 In the world’s great monotheistic traditionsVJudaism, Christianity, and IslamV God’s ability to forgive human beings is a central element of God’s character. In following God, the faithful are called to forgive transgressors as well. For patients with advanced cancer, the last phase of their life is often a period of completion and preparation: completion of life by looking back to assess the life lived, preparation by looking forward to living one’s life for the remaining weeks or months. This process of completion and preparation occurs in the context of values and preferences of one’s whole life, but may also be placed within a traditional religious context.14 It includes issues of spending time with family and friends and saying goodbye, but also reviewing life, facing unresolved con- flicts and unfulfilled life goals, and achieving forgiveness.15Y17 Thus, being attentive to issues of guilt and forgiveness is crucial in palliative cancer care. However, this may not only be rel- evant for patients with advanced disease. The cancer diagnosis itself may already serve as a ‘‘wakeup call’’ necessitating reexam- ination of one’s life.10 Nevertheless, direct comparative studies in cancer patients with different life expectancies that explore their attitudes toward guilt and forgiveness are lacking. Also, the sociodemographic and religious characteristics that deter- mine the attitudes of cancer patients toward guilt and for- giveness are unknown. Therefore, in this study, we explore the following research questions: 1. Which sociodemographic and religious characteristics are associated with attitudes of guilt and forgiveness in patients without evidence of disease and advanced cancer patients? 2. Do attitudes of guilt and forgiveness differ between pa- tients without evidence of disease and advanced cancer patients? 3. Do relations between sociodemographic and religious char- acteristics on the one hand and attitudes of guilt and for- giveness on the other hand differ between patients without evidence of disease and patients with advanced cancer? 484 n Cancer NursingTM, Vol. 35, No. 6, 2012 xxx Xxxxxxxxx et al n Methods This study used a descriptive research design. The study was approved by the institutional medical ethical board of our institute, and all participating patients gave written informed consent. Patients As part of a larger project on quality of life, a self-administered questionnaire was given out to patients without evidence of disease and advanced cancer patients from the departments of surgery, urology, gynecology, internal medicine, and medical oncology and the palliative care unit of a university and 2 gen- eral hospitals, 2 hospices, and a regional consultation service for palliative care in the Netherlands. The inclusion criteria for pa- tients without evidence of disease were as follows: patients with a history of treatment with curative intent for a solid tumor, end of treatment less than 1 year ago, no signs of acute treatment toxicities, and no evidence of disease activity. Patients who were on adjuvant hormonal therapy could also be included in this group. The inclusion criteria for the advanced cancer patients were as follows: patients with advanced solid tumors, who were not receiving antitumor therapies, and who have recovered from acute treatment toxicities. Exclusion criteria for both groups were as follows: inability to read Dutch or extreme morbidity precluding filling out a questionnaire. A questionnaire was sent to 236 eligible patients: 123 pa- tients without evidence of disease and 113 advanced cancer patients. Twenty-three patients without evidence of disease and 40 advanced cancer patients did not return the question- naire. In both groups, the most important reason (50% in the group with no evidence of disease, 39% in the advanced can- cer group) for not participating was not specified (‘‘I just don’t feel like filling out the papers anymore’’). Eleven patients in the advanced cancer group deteriorated or died before they could return the questionnaire. Three patients without evidence of disease and 18 advanced cancer patients did not fully com- plete the scales on guilt and forgiveness and were excluded from the analysis. Thus, data of 97 patients without evidence of disease and 55 advanced cancer patients were available for analysis. These patients did not significantly differ by gender from eligible patients for whom data were not available for anal- ysis, but the latter were on average 3 years older (mean, 60 T 1 vs 57 T 1 years; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020P G .05).

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University View Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue PAPER xxx.xxx.xxx/xxxxxxxxxx | Soft Matter Synthesis and aggregation behavior of biohybrid amphiphiles composed of a tripeptidic head group and a polystyrene tail† A. (Ton) X. Xxxxx, Xxxxxx X. xxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx X. X. Amatdjais-Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx X. J. T. Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx X. X. X. Xxxxxxxxxxx* and Xxxxxxx X. X. Xxxxx Downloaded by Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen on 20 November 2012 Published Online‌ XXX on 04 March 2009 on xxxx://xxxx.xxx.xxx | doi:10.1039/B816615C The modular synthesis and self-assembly behavior of a set of peptide-polymer hybrid amphiphiles is described. Gly-Gly-Arg derivatives were conjugated to one of the ends of hetero-telechelic polystyrene (PS) via either the Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction or conventional peptide coupling chemistry. Both conjugation strategies proved to be efficient and they were also applied sequentially to create a cobiohybrid ABA-founder type triblock copolymer, which can be considered as a macromolecular bolaamphiphile. In the synthesis of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear Warthe regularly-shaped peptide-PS amphiphiles (i.e. AB-type) two polymer lengths (n ¼ 21 and n ¼ 49) were employed having additional variations in their end group composition. As expected, the organisation awarded structural variations were demonstrated not to influence the 1985 Nobel Peace Prizeself-assembly behavior of the biohybrids in water, and comparable vesicles were formed in all cases. DGN At the air/water interface, the structural variations had a greater impact on the self-assembly of the biohybrids, especially for the phase transition from gas to liquid because it is dominated by steric interactions between the polymer chains. In a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital condensed phase (JEMwhich closely resembles the situation in a bilayer vesicle), Xxxxthe packing of various biohybrids was found to be comparable. The interfacial self-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute assembly behavior of the bolaamphiphile (DGNn ¼ 21) was also studied and this compound probably formed multi-layered structures on the water surface. In aqueous solution the bolaamphiphile formed spherical aggregates similar to the regular peptide-PS amphiphiles. Although these assemblies appeared to be vesicular, their exact nature remains unclear. Introduction Biohybrid amphiphiles derived from sequence-defined peptides are powerful building blocks for the construction of functional self-assembled materials.1-3 A common approach to prepare such hybrid amphiphiles is to equip the N- or C-terminus of a peptide with one or more long alkyl chains.2 In this way, several peptides have been modified and the resulting amphiphiles frequently self- assembled into functional nanofibers.4-8 Extending the hydro- phobic alkyl chain to a well-defined polymer has also been shown to create effective self-assembling biohybrids.9-13 These peptide- based block copolymers are of particular interest because macromolecular amphiphiles generally form more stable aggre- gates than their low molecular weight counterparts. In order to prepare biohybrid block copolymers with a sequence-defined peptide segment, several routes have been developed.14-16 Essentially, these routes follow two general approaches: (i) the coupling of a preformed polymer to a peptide (i.e. grafting-to), and Boston Children’s Hospital (DGNii) the propagation (growing) of a polymer from a peptide initiator (i.e. grafting-from). The latter approach has recently received a lot of attention and has been employed † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental procedures for the preparation of peptides 5 and 6 and self-assembly of 9b at elevated temperature. See DOI: 10.1039/b816615c with various peptide initiators in polymerizations from a solid support10,17,18 and in solution.9,19-28 For example, Xxxxxx et al.10 have used a resin-bound antimicrobial peptide to prepare func- tional initiators for nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP)29 and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).30,31 Sequen- tial polymerization of tert-butyl acrylate and styrene from these initiators gave rise to well-defined ABC-type triblock copoly- mers.10 After cleavage from the resin and hydrolysis of the tert- butyl esters, the biohybrids formed micellar aggregates in water and displayed an enhanced antimicrobial activity compared to the native peptide. In another example with respect to amphi- philic peptide-polymer hybrids, van Hest and coworkers employed the grafting-from approach to prepare ABA-type tri- block copolymers with Ac-Ser-Ala-Gly-Ala-Gly-Glu-Gly-Ala- Gly-Ala-Gly-Ser-Gly-OH (a b-hairpin forming peptide) as the inner block.9 To this end, both serine residues of the peptide were functionalized with a-bromo esters, and methyl methacrylate (MMA) was polymerized in two directions using ATRP. Suspension of the triblock copolymer in a THF-water mixture followed by the removal of THF resulted in the formation of vesicles and large compound micelles (LCMs). Building up a polymer from a peptide initiator is an elegant way to prepare peptide-polymer conjugates. However, for the synthesis of amphiphilic biohybrids it may often be more convenient to follow the grafting-to approach, because this allows the contrasting blocks to be prepared separately under optimal conditions, which are likely to diverge for each block. In this way, furthermore, all segments can be fully characterized Downloaded by Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen on 20 November 2012 Published on 04 March 2009 on xxxx://xxxx.xxx.xxx | doi:10.1039/B816615C without encountering the complications caused by an amphi- philic character, x.x. xxxxxxxxxx issues. A prerequisite of the grafting-to approach, obviously, is an efficient coupling strategy to link together bulky building blocks. Among the various reactions that can be considered for this purpose, the Cu(I)- catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction has recently proven to be of particular value.32-38 We and others have demonstrated that peptide-polymer hybrids can be readily prepared by employing the CuAAC in a modular approach.11,39,40 In our previous synthetic studies we selected for the peptide part an alkyne-functionalized Gly-Gly-Arg deriva- tive tagged with fluorescent 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (AMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx XX, et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring such that the health material could easily be tracked during work-up and characterization. Azide-terminated polystyrene (PS) was used as the complementary block and was synthesized by ATRP of styrene followed by the displacement of the bromide end group with Me3SiN3 and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF). With the aid of CuBr/N,N,N',N'',N%-pentamethyldiethylenetri- amine (PMDETA) as a child born today catalyst, the two building blocks were efficiently coupled together to yield a peptide-polymer amphi- phile that formed vesicles in aqueous environment. As peptide-polymer amphiphiles are a promising class of compounds for the construction of bioactive nano-sized struc- tures, it is not defined by of interest to investigate the synthesis and aggregation behavior of these compounds. Therefore, we decided to further explore our modular synthetic approach for the preparation of PS-GlyGlyArg-AMC hybrids. We were interested in comparing the CuAAC to standard peptide coupling chemistry, which has also proven to be useful for the preparation of peptide-polymer hybrids.12 For this comparative study, a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter PS chain was synthe- sized in such a way that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10terminus could readily be trans- formed into a carboxylic acid, 2020)while at the u-end an azide moiety could be installed. Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures Hence, the same precursor polymer can be tailored for both coupling techniques, employing either alkyne- functionalized Gly-Gly-Arg-AMC or the native peptide as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopencomplementary part. Moreover, research shows we envisioned that girls risk dropping out starting from a polymer with both an azide and a carboxylic acid end group should allow sequential coupling of school when caregivers two peptide segments, to create a biohybrid ABA-type triblock copolymer which can be considered as a macromolecular bolaamphiphile. Bolaamphi- philes are missing from the household because an interesting class of amphiphiles that have been used to create monolayer membrane (MLM) vesicles, but they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemicare also capable of forming a variety of other assemblies.41 In this article, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out discuss the modular synthesis of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening peptide-PS hybrid amphiphiles by making use of the schooling gap between girls and boysCuAAC reaction or peptide coupling chemistry. We call for Furthermore, the synthesis of a gendered perspective in developing policy responses bio- hybrid bolaamphiphile is described by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact combination of the 2015 Ebola outbreaktwo coupling techniques. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70Throughout exploration of the synthetic methods, a series of biohybrid amphiphiles was obtained and the aggregation behavior of these compounds is reported both in solution and at the air/water interface. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020).Experimental

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX is a co-founder RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY CORTICAL GENETICS The genetic architecture of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War, the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. human cerebral cortex Xxxxxxx X. Xxxxxx*† and Women’s Hospital (JEM), Xxxx-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute (DGN), and Boston Children’s Hospital (DGN), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx XX, Xxxx Xxxxxxxxx*† et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and 26% (SARS-CoV-2SE = 2%) in the USAaverage thickness; surface area and thickness showed a negative genetic correlation (rG = −0.32, SE = 0.05, P = 6.5 × 10−12), which suggests that genetic influ- ences have opposing effects on surface area and thickness. Lancet 2020; 395Bioinformatic analyses showed that total surface area is influenced by genetic var- iants that alter gene regulatory activity in neu- ral progenitor cells during fetal development. By contrast, average thick- INTRODUCTION: 1137–44The cerebral cortex underlies our complex cognitive capabilities. 2 Xxxxx XXVariations in human cortical surface area and thickness are associated with neurological, Xxxxxxx XXpsychologi- cal, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human and ecologic effects behavioral traits and can be measured in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined vivo by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html magnetic resonance imaging (accessed June 10, 2020MRI). Governments worldwide Studies in model organisms have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening identified average thickness of the schooling gap between girls whole cortex and boys34 cortical regions with known functional specializations. RESULTS: We call for identified 369 nominally genome- wide significant loci (P <5 × 10−8) associated with cortical structure in a gendered perspective discovery sample ON OUR WEBSITE Read the full article at http://dx.doi. org/10.1126/ science.aay6690 .................................................. ness is influenced by ac- tive regulatory elements in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school adult brain samples, which may reflect processes that occur after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic endmid-fetal devel- opment, such as myelina- tion, branching, orpruning. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemicgenes that influence cortical structure, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020)but little is known about common genetic var- iants that affect human cortical structure.

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX is a coDOI 10.1007/s11367-founder 014-0703-8 UNEP/SETAC CORNER Global guidance on environmental life cycle impact assessment indicators: findings of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War, the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. scoping phase Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital (JEM), Jolliet • Xxxx Xxxxxxxxxxxx • Xxxx Xxxx • Xxxx-Xxxxx Xxxxxx Cancer Institute • Xxxxxx Xxxxx • Xxxxx Xxxxxx • Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx • Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx • Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx • Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx • Xxxxxx X. XxXxxx • Llorenç Mila y Canals • Xxx Xxxxxxx • Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxx-Xxxxx • Xxxx Xxxxxxx • Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx • Xxxxx X. Xxxxxxxxx • Xxx Xxxxxx • Jaap Struijs • Xxxxxxx xxx Xxxx • Xxxxx Xxxxx • Xxxxx Xxxxxxxx • with contributions of the other workshop participants Received: 7 January 2014 / Accepted: 9 January 2014 / Published online: 24 January 2014 Ⓒ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 1 Introduction 1.1 Global guidance on LCIA indicators During Phase 1 (DGN)2002–2007) of the Life Cycle Initiative, and Boston Children’s Hospital work was intensively conducted on developing an initial framework (DGN), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx et al. First known person-to-person transmission 2004) and contributed to the development of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 first- stage harmonized LCIA tools such as the USEtox model for life cycle toxicity impact assessment (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, Xxxxxxxxx et al. Human 2008). Activities in Phase 2 (2007–2012) similarly addressed carbon footprint, water use and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack on land use impact assessment through- out the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, life cycle (Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 20192010; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual 2013; Kounina et al. 2013). In parallel, and reproductive health also building on these activities, a number of other initiatives have been advancing proposals and justice dissemination of impact assessment indicators in various continents (Xxxxxxxxx et al. 2013; Xxxxxxxx et al. Besides the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395organizers and reviewers, other workshop participants were: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxx Xxxxxx JWTXxxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx Xx, Xxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxxx CXxxxx, Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx PXxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx Xxxx, Xxx Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx J. The health impact Xxxxx Xxx Ugaya, Xxxxx Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx O. Jolliet ( ) School of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health, Environmental Health 2017; 143Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA e-mail: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020).xxxxxxxx@xxxxx.xxx

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX Journal of Intellectual Disability Research doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2010.01306.x volume 54 part 10 pp 906–917 october 2010 Sleep disturbances and behavioural problems in adults with Prader–Willi syndromejir_ A. P. H. M. Xxxx,*1,2 X. Xxxxxxx,*2,3,4 X. Xxxxxx,5 M. A. Xxxxxxxx,2,6 X. X. Xxxxx,7 C.T. R. M. Schrander-Stumpel1,4 & L. M. G. Curfs1,2,3,4 Method Sleep disturbances and behavioural prob- lems were investigated in adults with genetically confirmed PWS using standardised questionnaires. Results of adults with paternal deletion (n = 45) were compared with those of adults with maternal uniparental disomy (n = 33). Results Eleven adults with PWS (i.e. 15%) had a current sleep problem, mostly night waking prob- lems. Twenty-six adults with PWS (i.e. 33%) suffered from severe EDS. No differences in preva- lence of sleep disturbances between genetic sub- types were found. Seventeen adults with deletion * Contributed equally to the study. Correspondence: Xx Xxxxxxx X.X. Xxxxx, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Department of Clinical Genetics/Governor Xxxxxxx Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands (e-mail: xxxxxxx.xxxxx@xxx.xxxxxxx.xx). (i.e. 38%) and 17 adults with maternal uniparental disomy (i.e. 52%) had behavioural problems. No significant relationships were found between sleep disturbances and behavioural problems. Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a co-founder of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear Warcharacterised by infantile hypotonia, the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital hyperphagia, intellectual disabil- ity (JEMID), Xxxx-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute short stature and hypogonadism (DGN), and Boston Children’s Hospital (DGN), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx XX, Prader et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA. Lancet 20201956; 395: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, Xxxx et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 19621993; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, Xxxxxxxxx et al. The 2019 report 2008; Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx 2009). PWS results from the abnormal or absent expression of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health paternal copy of a child born today maternally imprinted gene region at chromo- some 15q11-q13. This can arise from four different mechanisms: a paternal deletion (70%), a maternal uniparental disomy (mUPD) (25%), an imprinting centre defect (<5%) or an unbalanced chromosomal translocation (<1%) (Xxxxxxxxx et al. 1981; Xxxxxxxx et al. 1989; Buiting et al. 1995; Horsthemke & Buiting 2006; Xxxxxxxxx et al. 2008; Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx 2009). Temper tantrums, insistence on routine, skin- picking, obsessive traits, mood swings and stub- bornness are characteristic behaviour problems often observed among individuals with PWS (Xxxx & Xxxxxx 1999; Xxxxxx et al. 2002; Holland et al. 2003; Xxxxxx et al. 2007). Also sleep disturbances, more specifically excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and sleep apnoea, are common in individu- als with PWS (Xxxxxx et al. 2002). Early prevalence studies in adults with PWS revealed that daytime sleepiness was observed in more than 95% of samples (Greenswag 1987; Xxxxxx et al. 1989). Validity of outcomes of these studies is limited because no standardised sleep questionnaires were used and data on other types of sleep disturbances (e.g. difficulty falling asleep, night waking and breathing disturbances during sleep; see Xxxx-Xxxxx et al. 1984) than those indi- cating hypersomnia were lacking. Furthermore, in both studies diagnosis was not defined by genetically con- firmed for all participants. A decade later Richdale et al. (1999) performed a changing climatestudy on sleep distur- bances in children and adults with PWS using xxxx- dardised sleep questionnaires to screen for EDS, sleep apnoea and narcolepsy. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times ArchivesThey found sleep dis- turbances including EDS, snoring and night waking to be present in adults. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html number of adults in their sample was rather small (accessed June 10, 2020i.e. n = 7). Governments worldwide In individuals with PWS, daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality may be related to daytime irrita- bility, temper tantrums and attention problems (Richdale et al. 1999; Boer 2004; X’Xxxxxxxx et al. 2005). Richdale et al. found that in children with PWS, EDS was associated with behavioural prob- lems in all domains of the Developmental Behav- iour Checklist (DBC; Xxxxxxx & Xxxxx 2002). At present, studies on the relationship between sleep disturbance and behavioural problems in adults with PWS are lacking, except for Xxxxxx et al.’s (1989) study. In their study, reports of parents showed that adults who frequently slept during the day or slept longer at night did not have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure more temper tantrums during the day than adults who did not show symptoms of hypersomnia. However, according to 43% of the spread of COVID-19parents impaired night time sleep in these adults was followed by irritabil- ity or temper tantrums the day after. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more these findings behavioural problems were associated with insomnia rather than 800 million girlswith hypersomnia. A substantial number of these girls live Other variables than behavioural problems may be associated with sleep disturbances in adults with PWS. In the world’s least developed countries where getting an education general population obesity is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx related to EDS and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and sleep apnoea (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, Xxxxxx et al. Centring sexual 2005; Xxxx & Xxxx 2009). Evidence supporting a positive rela- tionship between EDS and reproductive health body mass index (BMI) in individuals with PWS is mixed (Xxxxxxxxxx et al. 2008). Breathing disturbances during sleep, including sleep apnoea, may be exacerbated by obesity in individuals with PWS (Xxxxx & Xxxxxxxxxxx 2002; Xxx et al. 2007). Other variables that have previously been found to be related with sleep disturbances in adults with ID (without PWS) are gender, age, living situation, epilepsy, medica- tion use, evening caffeine consumption, nocturnal urinary incontinence and justice ability to communicate (Xxxxx & Xxxxxxx 1991; Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxxx 1998). Up until now there have been no prevalence studies on different types of sleep disturbances in a large sample of adults with PWS who are genetically con- firmed. Also, the global COVID-19 responserelationship between sleep distur- bances and other variables had not been researched extensively in adults with PWS. Lancet 2020This study replicates Xxxxxxxx et al.’s (1999) study by using the same standardised sleep and behaviour questionnaires. It elaborates on their study by including only adults with PWS of whom the genetic subtype is confirmed. The aim of this study is threefold; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWTit (1) investigates prevalence and nature of sleep disturbances in a Dutch cohort (n = 79) of adults with PWS across genetic sub- types; (2) explores the relationship between sleep disturbances and behavioural problems; and (3) explores associations between sleep disturbances and gender, Xxxxxxxxxx Cage, Xxxxxx PBMI, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7living situation, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020)medication use and behavioural problems in adults with PWS.

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Faraday Discussions Published Online‌ XXX is a coon 08 July 2019. Downloaded by Radboud University Nijmegen on 2/24/2020 10:02:01 AM. Cite this: Faraday Discuss., 2019, 217, 290 DISCUSSIONS Pushing resolution in frequency and time: general discussion Xxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxx, Xxxx X. XxXxx, Xxxxxx Xxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxx-founder of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear WarXxxxxx Xxxxxxx, the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital (JEM)Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx, Xxxx-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute (DGN)xxx Xxxx, and Boston Children’s Hospital (DGN)Xxxxx Xxxxxx, Harvard Medical SchoolXxxx Xxxxxx, BostonXxx Xxxxxx, MA 02115Xxxx Xxxxxx, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XXXxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx XXXxxxxxxxx, et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XXXxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxx, Xxxxxxx XXXxxxxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxxxxx´, Xxxxxx SX. Xxxxx, et alXxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxxxx and Xxxx Xxxxxx DOI: 10.1039/C9FD90033K Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx opened the general discussion of the paper by Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx: While I accept that He is the best tag to have, it is still a tag and it would be better to use methods which do not require tagging, e.g., laser-induced inhibition of cluster growth (LIICG). Human I was intrigued by a line in your paper which stated that recording an LIICG spectrum was not possible in this case. Can you comment on when LIICG is applicable as an alternative to tagging? Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx replied: LIICG is a very general method and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack can be applied on almost any molecule. Including on the United Statesmolecules studied here. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37However, the measured signal was too small in our case and we did not try harder to improve it. 3 Xxxx XAs it turns out there are some criteria which determine the ease of use of LIICG. The partition function is a very critical one. It means the bigger the molecule, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race the more states are populated and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report smaller the LIICG which arises from disturbing a delicate equilibrium by exciting only a small fraction of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or deathmolecules. Therefore, with we prefer laser induced reactions (LIR) over LIICG where possible. Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx asked: Can you explain the current COVID-19 pandemicpresence of combination bands involving He stretching motion in your spectra? One might have expected the infrared activity of these modes to be quite low. Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx answered: He bending and stretching modes are expected in a range below the actual coverage of the presented XXXXX xxxxxxx as discussed in the manuscript. Some observed bands have been tentatively assigned to combination bands including He bending and stretching vibrations. Therefore, these bands might be observable in contrast to the fundamental bands which do not fall in the observed region. Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx continued: To follow up, are there other He-tagged cations that exhibit similar bands? Published on 08 July 2019. Downloaded by Radboud University Nijmegen on 2/24/2020 10:02:01 AM. Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx replied: So far we have not studied a large set of He-tagged ions. Therefore, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, cannot say whether observing such combination bands is the rule or the exception. In any case these assignments are tentative but it would interesting to search for the fundamental bands and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020)other combination bands.

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX is a co-founder of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear WarPsychophysiology, the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital 47 (JEM2010), Xxxx-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute (DGN)299–314. Wiley Periodicals, and Boston Children’s Hospital (DGN), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx XX, et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Inc. Printed in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395Copyright Ⓒ 2009 Society for Psychophysiological Research DOI: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XX10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00935.x Optimal placement of bipolar surface EMG electrodes in the face based on single motor unit analysis XXXXX X. XXXXXXX,a,b XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX,c XXXXXXXX X. XXX XXXX,b XXXXXXX X. XXXXX,a XXXXXXX X. XXXXXX,b and XXXX X. STEGEMANb,d aDepartment of Orthodontics, Xxxxxx SXxxxxxx University, et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts Freiburg, Germany bDepartment of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management ResearchClinical Neurophysiology, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands cDonders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands dResearch Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract Locations of surface electromyography (KBsEMG) electrodes in the face are usually chosen on a macro-anatomical basis. In this study we describe optimal placement of bipolar electrodes based on a novel method and present results for lower facial muscles. We performed high-density sEMG recordings in 13 healthy participants. Raw sEMG signals were decomposed into motor unit action potentials (MUAPs). We positioned virtual electrode pairs in the interpolated monopolar MUAPs at different positions along muscle fiber direction and calculated the bipolar potentials. Electrode sites were determined where maximal bipolar amplitude was achieved and were validated. Objective guidelines for sEMG electrode placement improve the signal-to-noise ratio and may contribute to reduce cross talk, GCwhich is particularly important in the face. The method may be regarded as an important basis for improving the validity and reproducibility of sEMG in complex muscle areas. Descriptors: EMG, Normal volunteers, Methodology Surface electromyography (sEMG) is a valuable noninvasive tool for studying muscle function in a variety of disciplines, for instance in psychophysiology, speech (patho-) physiology and dentistry, representing those areas in which facial muscle activity is of interest. Particularly when complex musculature such as that of the face is examined, the validity of sEMG measures depends significantly on methodological aspects. To improve spatial res- olution and noise rejection, a bipolar (i.e., a single differential) electrode configuration is commonly used (Xx Xxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 1992). Aside from the sensor characteristics, electrode placement plays a crucial role, because sEMG recordings at different po- sitions on the muscle give greatly varying estimates of EMG variables (Xxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxx, & Xxxx, 2008; Xxxxxxxxx et al., 2007; Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx-Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxx- Xxxxxxx, 2002; Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxxxx, 1998; Xxxxxx, Va- sseljen, & Xxxxxxxxx, 1993; Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxx, 2009; Xxx, Xx Xxxx, & Xxxxxxxxx, 1986). However, establishing elec- trode positioning guidelines is a challenging task. It requires consideration and balancing of several aspects, such as (1) prox- imity of a proposed electrode site to underlying muscle with minimal intervening tissue; (2) alignment of a bipolar electrode The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this pro- ject by the Xxxxx-Scapulo Humerale Vorm van Spierdystrofie–Stichting (The Netherlands) and the German Orthodontic Society. Address reprint requests to: Prof. Xx. Xxxxx Xxxxxxx, Department of Orthodontics, Ulm University Medical Centre, Xxxxxx-Xxxxxxxx-Xxxxx 00, X-00000 Xxx, Xxxxxxx. E-mail: xxxxx.xxxxxxx@xxxxxxxxx-xxx.xx 299 parallel to muscle fiber direction; (3) avoiding that a bipolar electrode is positioned across the motor unit end plate region; (4) electrode attachment to a proposed site without undue problems, for instance, from skin folds or curvatures; and (5) minimizing cross talk from adjacent muscles (Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 1986). The first three factors are important in detecting the maximal potential gradient between the two electrodes of the bipolar montage, resulting in maximal sEMG signal amplitude. The rel- evance of the end plate zone location in this context is connected with the propagation of the motor unit action potentials (MU- APs) in both directions away from the end plates. A location of the two electrode surfaces over the end plate region therefore leads to partial or even complete cancellation of the bipolar signal (Xxxx & Xxxx, 1986; Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxxx, 1988; Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Zwarts, 2004). Neither anatomical studies nor electrophysiological investi- gations with conventional techniques can provide sufficient in- formation regarding all relevant criteria for bipolar electrode placement. High-density sEMG allows us to fill this gap, because this technique records muscle activity on the skin surface with a large number of small, densely spaced electrodes (Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al., 2004). Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in This noninvasive tool provides detailed two-dimen- sional information about the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact electrical activity of the 2015 Ebola outbreakunderlying musculature and allows for extraction of MUAPs from the re- corded interference EMG reflecting the contributions of single motor units to the signal (Kleine, van Dijk, Xxxxxxx, Zwarts, & Xxxxxxxx, 2007; Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxx, 1985; Xxx & Xxxxxxxxxxx-Xxxx, 1997; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2004). Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020).Such ‘‘motor

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University PAPER xxx.xxx.xxx/xxxxxx | Xxxxxx Transactions High nuclearity manganese(III) compounds containing phenol-pyrazole ligands: the influence of the ligand on the core geometry† Published Online‌ XXX is on 10 February 2010. Downloaded by Radboud University Nijmegen on 2/14/2020 2:59:01 PM. Xxxxx Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxxxxx,a,b Xxxxxx xx Xxxxxx,a coXxxxxxxx Xxxxxx,‡a Xxx X. X. Xxxxx,c Xxxx´ xx Xxxxxx,c Xxxx Xxxxxxxxxx,d Xxxx Xxxxxxxxx,d L. Xxx xx Xxxxx*b and Xxx Xxxxxxx*a Three high-founder of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War, the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a conuclearity manganese(III) clusters have been synthesized and characterized: [Mn8(m4-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital O)4(phpzH)8(thf)4] (JEM1), Xxxx[Mn8(m4-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute O)4(phpzH)4(EtOH)4]·2EtOH (DGN2), and Boston Children’s Hospital [Mn6(m3-O)4(m3-Br)2(HphpzEt)6(phpzEt)] (DGN3). Compounds 1 and 2 contain a [Mn8(m4-O4)(phpzH)8] core in which antiferromagnetic interactions between the manganese(III) ions are found. Compound 3 is a hexanuclear manganese(III) cluster in which weak ferromagnetic interactions appear to be operative. The formation and the stability of the cluster cores in relation to the type of phenol-pyrazole ligand and the reaction conditions are discussed. Polynuclear paramagnetic transition-metal compounds have at- tracted much attention in the last decades, because of their relevance to bioinorganic chemistry as functional models for the active sites of many metallobiomolecules1 and also because of their magnetic properties.2,3 The interest in the magnetic properties of these polynuclear compounds derives from their ability to act as molecule-based magnets, exhibiting a remnant magnetic moment below a critical magnetic ordering temperature. Besides the more familiar long-range magnetic ordering into a 3D magnetic lattice,4 the magnetic remanence can also appear in the form of a 0D phe- nomenon, with the so-called single-molecule magnet behaviour (SMM),2,3 in which the origin of the remnant moment is purely molecular and interesting quantum properties are associated with this type of behaviour. In the search of novel SMM’s, numerous polynuclear cluster compounds have been synthesized.2,3 Most of them are formed by manganese ions in various oxidation states stabilized by carboxylate5,6 and/or oxime ligands.7-9 However, the use of pyrazole ligands to obtain large polymetallic clusters is aGorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P. O. Box 9502, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail: reedijk@ xxxx.xxxxxxxxxx.xx; Fax: +00 00 000 0000; Tel: +00 00 000 0000 bKamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden Univer- sity, P. O. Box 9504, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail: jongh@ xxxxxxx.xxxxxxxxxx.xx; Fax: +00 00 000 0000; Tel: +00 00 000 0000 cSolid State Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 000, 0000, XX, Xxxxxxxx, Xxx Xxxxxxxxxxx dLaboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 55 (A.I.Virtasen aukio 1), Harvard Medical School00014, BostonHelsinki, MA 02115Finland † Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Crystallographic, USA 1 Ghinai Istructural data and figure of compound 1a, XxXxxxxxx XXselected bonds and angles information for compounds 2 and 3 and hydrogen bond details for compound 2. CCDC reference numbers 676870 (1a), 753768 (2) and 753767 (3). For ESI and crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format see DOI: 10.1039/b924776a ‡ Current address: van’t Xxxx Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Xxxxxx XXXxxxxxxxxxxx 000, et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XX0000 XX Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race Xxx Xxxxxxxxxxx still under research and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx Nnumber of polynuclear compounds containing these type of ligands, Xxxxxespecially of high-nuclearity remains low.10,11 For most of the polymetallic clusters containing pyrazole ligands reported so far, Mantiferromagnetic interactions between the metal ions are present.10,11 Only in a few cases, Xxxxxx Npredominant ferromagnetic interactions between the metal ions are found operative.12-16 Therefore, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that new research in this direction is considered as highly relevant, not only to obtain novel polymetallic compounds containing new pyrazole-based ligands, but also to obtain molecular-based materials with the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girlsdesired magnetic properties. A substantial number common synthetic approach to obtain new polymetallic clusters is the modification of these girls live in known molecules by introducing subtle variations, such as suitable bridging ligands, addition of solvents, etc. In this way, it is also easier to establish magneto- structural correlations and to modify further the world’s least developed countries where getting molecule to achieve desired magnetic properties. = 8 4 In our group, an education is already a struggle. We agree octanuclear manganese(III) compound with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in formula [Mn (m -O) (phpzMe) (thf) ] was reported with the COVID-19 pandemicligand 5(3)-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3(5)-methylpyrazole, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and H2phpzMe.17 This octanuclear cluster contains solvent molecules at the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or deathperiph- ery. Therefore, in this work, the study of the stability of the [Mn8(m4-O)4(phpzR)8] core is presented investigating the effect of different solvents under comparable synthetic conditions. Furthermore, the replacement of the phenol-pyrazole ligand H2phpzMe by other derivatives such as H2phpzH (3(5)-(2- hydroxyphenyl)pyrazole) and H2phpzEt (3(5)-(2-hydroxyphenyl)- 5(3)-ethylpyrazole), under similar synthetic conditions was carried out to check whether the metal-core motif remains unperturbed. In this work, two new octanuclear manganese(III) compounds with the current COVID-19 pandemicgeneral formula [Mn8(m4-O)4(phpzH)8(S)4] (S thf (1) and EtOH (2)) and one hexanuclear manganese(III) com- pound, we might see more girls than boys helping at home[Mn6(m3-O)4(m3-Br)2(HphpzEt)6(phpzEt)] (3) are reported. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility studies indicate strong antiferromagnetic interactions in the octanuclear com- pounds 1 and 2, lagging behind with studying, whereas weak ferromagnetic interactions are found operative in compound 3. Published on 10 February 2010. Downloaded by Radboud University Nijmegen on 2/14/2020 2:59:01 PM. Starting materials and dropping out of schoolthe ligand 3(5)-(2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazole (H2phpzH) were purchased from Xxxxxxx. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countriesAll manipulations were performed using materials as received. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment The ligand 3(5)-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-5(3)-ethylpyrazole (H2phpzEt) has been synthe- sized according to the Sustainable Development Goalsreported procedure.18 Caution! Perchlorate salts are potentially explosive. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); Such compounds should be used in small quantities and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020)should be treated with utmost care at all times.

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX is a co-founder View Article Online / Journal Homepage / Table of International Physicians Contents for Prevention of Nuclear War, the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital (JEM), Xxxx-this issue PAPER xxx.xxx.xxx/xxxxxx | Xxxxxx Cancer Institute (DGN), and Boston Children’s Hospital (DGN), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx XX, et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Transactions Versatility in the USAbinding of 2-pyrazinecarboxylate with iron. Lancet 2020; 395: 1137–44Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of iron(II) and iron(III) complexes Published on 15 December 2005. 2 Downloaded by Radboud University Nijmegen on 2/14/2020 3:01:35 PM. Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx,a Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx´s Xxxxxxx,a Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx,a Xxxx X. Xxxx,b Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human Xxxxxxx,c Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx,c Xxxx´ xx Xxxxxx,d Xxxx Xxxxxxxxxx,e Xxxx Xxxxxxxxxx and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020).Xxx Xxxxxxx*a

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX is a co-founder of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear WarEditors X. Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital (JEM), Xxxxxxxx Xxxx-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute (DGN), and Boston Children’s Hospital (DGN)Xxxx X. Xxxxxxx X. Xxxxx Xxxxx, Harvard Medical SchoolX. Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, BostonXxxx Xxxxxx, MA 02115Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, USA 1 Ghinai IXxxxxxx Xxxx Xxxxx Xxxxx, XxXxxxxxx XXXxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx XXXxxxx, et alXxxxxxx Xxxx, Xxxxxx Xxxx The purpose of the Strategic Workshop in Information Retrieval in Lorne is to explore the long-range issues of the Information Retrieval field, to recognize challenges that are on – or even over – the horizon, to build consensus on some of the key challenges, and to disseminate the resulting information to the research community. First known person-to-person transmission The intent is that this description of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) open problems will help to inspire researchers and graduate students to address the questions, and will provide funding agencies data to focus and coordinate support for information retrieval research. 1 Introduction Over the past fifteen years, three Strategic IR Workshops have been organized in Lorne, Aus- tralia, all of which have had a singular vision – to look back at how research has evolved in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countriesInformation Retrieval community, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and to look forward on where the Sustainable Development Goalsresearch frontier is taking us. The first issue relates to sexual SWIRL workshop was organized by Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancyXxxxxx Xxxxx in 2004, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak had 35 participants – several of which were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or marriedPhD students. The major output of the meeting was the SIGIR Forum article “Recommended Reading for IR Research Students.”1 In 2012, the second issue relates SWIRL workshop was organized by Xxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxx Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx, Xxxx Xxxxxxxxx, and Xxxxxx Xxxxx. The theme of the workshop shifted away from previous work, and focused more on future directions for the IR research community. Together, the 45 attendees debated several possible research topics, and eventually converged on 6 main themes and 21 minor themes. These themes were then summarized and published in the SIGIR Forum article “Frontiers, Challenges, and Opportunities for Information Retrieval.”2 Many of the themes described in the 2012 SWIRL report have seen significant progress in the ensuing years, but not all of them. At the 25th Anniversary TREC reception in 2016, several IR researchers reminisced about the SWIRL outcomes, and agreed that the major research directions in IR had evolved enough to socio- economic aspectswarrant a third SWIRL. From these discussions, the main theme of the Third SWIRL emerged – How has research in IR evolved in the last five years, and where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out do we expect to be five years from now? In order to achieve this goal, a third SWIRL was organized by Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxx Xxxx. A total of school at higher rates than boys because 60 IR researchers, 20 from three regions (North/South America, Europe, Oceania) were invited to Lorne to discuss the future of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studyingIR research. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, report captures the ensuing surveys and homework assignments in the lead up to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studyingSWIRL 2018, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about summarizes the adverse effects school closures can have on widening main outcomes of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective meeting in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020)Lorne.

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX is a co-founder Xxxxxxx Xxxxx Xxxxx e Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx Xxxxx Xxxxx (Università di Trento); Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxx (Università di Firenze) Comitato Scientifico: Xxxx Xxxxxxx (University of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War, the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Cambridge); Xxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxx (Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo); Xxxxxx Xxxxxx Xxxxx (Universitat xx Xxxxxxxx); Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital Xxxxxxx Xxxxx (JEMUniversitat xx Xxxxxxxx), Xxxx-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute ; Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx (DGNUniversità di Roma Tor Vergata), and Boston Children’s Hospital ; Xxxxx X. Xxxxx (DGN), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx XX, et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it allUniversity); a message to President Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano); Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx (Università di Xxxx Xxxxxxxx); Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx (Università di Trento); Daria de Pretis (Università di Trento); Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx (Università di Milano Bicocca); Xxxxxxxx Xx Xxxxxxx (Università xx Xxxxxxx); Xxxxx Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2(Università di Cagliari, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020Scuola Nazionale dell’Amministrazione). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, ; Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GCUniversità di Trento); and Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx-Xxxxxxxx (Deutsche Universität für Verwaltungs- wissenschaften Speyer); Xxxxx Xx (Peking University); Xxxxxx Xxxxxx (Università di Parma); Xxxx X. Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx (Universidad xx Xxxxxxxx); Xxxxxx Xxxxx Xxxxxxx (Universidad xx Xxxxxxxx); Xxxxxxxxx X. Xxxxx (Università di Pisa); Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxx (Università di Trento); Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx (Università di Trento); Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx (Università di Padova); Xxxx Xxxxxx (Università di Trento); Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxx (Università di Trento); Xxxxxxxx Xxxxx (Università di Trento); Xxxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx (Università di Milano La Statale); Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxx (Università di Roma Tre); Xxxxx Xxxx (Stanford Law School); Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx (Università di Firenze); Xxxxx Xxxxxx (Washington University in St. Xxxxx); Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxx (Università di Trento); Xxxxxx Xxxxxxx (Università di Firenze); Xxxx Xxxxxxxxx (Università di Milano La Statale); Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin); Xxxxx Xxxxxxx Xxxxx Xxxxxxx (Università di Bologna) Comitato Editoriale: Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx (Università di Trento); Xxxxxxxx Xxxx (Università di Trento); Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre (Zhongnan University of Economics and Law); Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxx (Università di Trento); Xxxx Xxx Xxxxx (San Diego State University); Xxxxx Xxxxx (Università xx Xxxxxxx); Xxxxxxxx X. Xxxxxxxxxx (MPI Luxembourg for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden Procedural Law); Xxx Xxxxxxxxxx (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020Università di Roma Tre); 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017Xxxxx Xxxxx (Università di Bologna); 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday Xxxxxxxx Xxxxx (accessed April 10, 2020Università di Padova).

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX is Copyright B 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Xxxxxxxx & Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx X. X. xxx Xxxxxxxxx, MD, PhD, MA Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx, PhD Xxxxxxxx A. H. H. V. M. Xxxxxxxx, MD, PhD Xxxxxx X. Xxxxx, PhD Time Perception of Cancer Patients Without Evidence of Disease and Advanced Cancer Patients in a coPalliative, End-founder of-Life-Care Setting K E Y W O R D S Background: Time perception may be an important factor influencing distress Curative care Depression End-of-life care Hopelessness Palliative care Quality of International Physicians life Time perception of cancer patients. However, no comparative studies have been performed for Prevention cancer patients without evidence of Nuclear Wardisease and advanced cancer patients in the palliative, end-of-life-care setting. Objective: The objectives of the study were to assess time perception in disease-free and advanced cancer patients and examine the relation of time perception with patients’ distress. Methods: A descriptive research design was used. Ninety-six disease-free and 63 advanced cancer patients filled out Xxxxxx’x Circle Test to assess time coherence and time dominance, Xxxxxx’x Line Test to assess temporal extension and Bayes’ question on speed of time, the organisation awarded European Organisation for Research-and-Treatment of Cancer QOLYQuestionnaire version 2.0, Xxxx’x Depression Inventory for primary care, and Xxxx’x Hopelessness-Scale. Results: In patients without evidence of disease, future dominance was most often observed, whereas in advanced cancer patients, the 1985 Nobel Peace Prizepresent was the dominant time segment. DGN In both groups, a focus on the past was associated with distress. In contrast with patients without evidence of disease, advanced cancer patients perceived time as moving slowly, and this was correlated with distress. Conclusions: The time perception of cancer patients without evidence of disease and advanced cancer patients is a co-founder significantly different and is Author Affiliations: Department of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxx Medical Oncology (Drs xxx Xxxxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital (JEMVerhagen), Xxxx-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute Expert Centre of Palliative Care (DGNXx Xxxxxxxx), Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre (Xx Xxxxx); Comprehensive Cancer Centre East (Xx Xxxxxxxx); Department of Empirical Theology, Faculty of Theology, Radboud University (Drs xxx Xxxxxxxxx and Boston Children’s Hospital (DGNSchilderman), Harvard Nijmegen, the Netherlands. The authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose. Correspondence: Xxxxxxx X. X. xxx Laarhoven, MD, PhD, MA, Department of Medical SchoolOncology (452), BostonRadboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, MA 02115PO Box 9101, USA 1 Ghinai I6500 HB Nijmegen, XxXxxxxxx XXthe Netherlands (x.xxxxxxxxxxxx@xxxx.xxxx.xx). Accepted for publication January 7, Xxxxxx XX2011. DOI: 10.1097/NCC.0b013e31820f4eb7 related to distress. Implications for Practice: The observed relation between a focus on the past and distress gives room for interventions of nurses and other healthcare professionals. Specific attention is needed for differences between cancer patients without evidence of disease and advanced cancer patients. What, et althen, is time? If no one asks me, I know; If I want to explain it to someone who asks me, I do not know. First known person-to-person transmission St Augustine’s Confessions,1 Book 11, Chapter 14 T he paradox of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) time is that, although it hardly needs any discussion that time is an essential aspect of human life, time cannot be grasped. It cannot be seen, felt, heard, tasted, or smelled, and even when we think about time, it seems to escape our understanding. As St Xxxxxxxxx xxxxxxx in the USA11th book of his Confessions: ‘‘Now, what about those two times, past and future, in what sense do they have real being, if the past no longer exists and the future does not exist yet? As for present time, if that were always present and never slipped away into the past, it would not be time at all; it would be eternity. Lancet 2020If, therefore, the present’s only claim to be called ‘time’ is that it is slipping away into the past, how can we assert that this thing is, when its only title to being is that it will soon cease to be? In other words, we cannot really say that time exists, except because it tends to nonbeing.’’2 Nevertheless, in our Western culture, time is often viewed as a measurable, external process that regulates our lives by ticking away the seconds, minutes, and hours.3 It is the measure by which we know when to get to work, when to meet deadlines, when to eat, when to sleep, when to celebrate holidays. From this perspective, time can be measured with a stop watch; 395: 1137–44it is clock time. 2 Xxxxx XXTime is that what we have to keep up with. However, time is also experienced as a more personal, internal process. This so-called embodied time does not necessarily keep up with clock time.4,5 One hour may fly away when we are caught up in something, whereas that same hour may seem to last forever when we are waiting. Embodied time implies that time is subjective and that the perspective of time may change according to the situation one experiences. In the words of the American philosopher and psychologist, Xxxxxxx XXXxxxx: ‘‘The knowledge of some other part of the stream, Xxxxxx Spast or future, et al. Human and ecologic effects near or remote, is always mixed in Massachusetts with our knowledge of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266present thing.’’6 As St Augustine already formulated: 1127–37. ‘‘It is inaccurate to say, ‘There are 3 Xxxx Xtenses, Xxxxxxx Eor times: past, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countriespresent, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equalityfuture,’ although it might properly be said, girl empowerment‘There are 3 tenses or times: the present of past things, the present of present things, and the Sustainable Development Goalspresent of future things.’’’7 One of the situations that may fundamentally alter one’s time perception is the diagnosis of cancer. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspectsAlthough advances in treat- ment options have improved cancer outcome, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out still about half of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancythe cancer patients cannot be cured, and (forced) marriagemany of the patients that can be cured have to deal with the long-term adverse ef- fects of cancer treatment.8 Moreover, even in early stages, it can never be guaranteed that one is cured. School closures during It is well known that the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated diagnosis of cancer is accompanied with distress in all stages.9 Also, previous studies have described aspects of an increase altered time perception in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools recancer patients and their primary caregivers.4,10Y15 However, comparative studies between disease-openedfree cancer pa- tients and advanced cancer patients with respect to their time perception are lacking, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back nor are data available on how time perception in these patient groups is related to schooldistress. With schools closing throughout the developing worldThere- fore, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevailsin this study, we will probably see an increase compare time perception of cancer patients without evidence of disease and advanced cancer pa- tients in dropa palliative, end-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less of-life-care setting and examine the relation of time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girlsperception with patients’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020)distress.

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX is Interrater Reliability and Concurrent Validity of a co-founder New Rating Scale to Assess the Performance of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear WarEveryday Life Tasks in Dementia: The Core Elements Method Xxxxxxx X. X. xx Xxxx, the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN is a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. MSc1,2,3, Xxxxxx X. Xxxxxxxxxxx, PhD4, Danie¨ lle H. E. Xxxxxx, PhD1,5, Xxxxxx X. X. Xxxx Xxxxxxx, MD, PhD2,6, Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital (JEM)Xx¨ ell, Xxxx-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute (DGN)MD, PhD7, Xxx X. X. Xxxxxxx, PhD1,2,6, and Boston Children’s Hospital (DGN)Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxx-Xxxxxxx, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx XX, et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020).PhD7,8

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Journal of European Public Policy ISSN: 1350-1763 (Print) 1466-4429 (Online) Journal homepage: xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxxxx.xxx/loi/rjpp20 Closing the regulatory cycle? A meta evaluation of ex-post legislative evaluations by the European Commission Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxx xxx Xxxxxx & Xxxx Xxxxxxx To cite this article: Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxx xxx Xxxxxx & Xxxx Xxxxxxx (2016) Closing the regulatory cycle? A meta evaluation of ex-post legislative evaluations by the European Commission, Journal of European Public Policy, 23:9, 1329-1348, DOI: 10.1080/13501763.2015.1076874 To link to this article: xxxx://xx.xxx.xxx/10.1080/13501763.2015.1076874 Published Online‌ XXX is a coonline: 16 Sep 2015. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 271 View related articles View Crossmark data Download by: [Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen] Date: 25 October 2016, At: 04:15 Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxxxx.xxx/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rjpp20 Journal of European Public Policy, 2016‌ Vol. 23, No. 9, 1329– 1348, xxxx://xx.xxx.xxx/10.1080/13501763.2015.1076874 Closing the regulatory cycle? A meta evaluation of ex-founder post legislative evaluations by the European Commission Xxxxx Xxxxxxxxxxx, Xxxxx xxx Xxxxxx and Xxxx Xxxxxxx ABSTRACT Theoretically, ex-post legislative (EPL) evaluations play an impor- tant role in the European regulatory cycle. By critically assessing the adminis- tration, compliance or outcomes of International Physicians legislation, they may allow for Prevention of Nuclear Warlearning and inform enforcement. At the same time, the organisation awarded European Commission may have incentives not to evaluate, as EPL evaluations may lead to undesired policy change or repeal. Furthermore, the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize. DGN development of systematic, high- quality EPL evaluations is a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxx and Women’s Hospital (JEM), Xxxx-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute (DGN), and Boston Children’s Hospital (DGN), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx XX, et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) threatened by more technical problems in the USAsphere of evaluability. Lancet 2020; 395: 1137–44Hence, the odds are against the systematic production of high-quality evaluations in the European Union (EU). 2 Xxxxx XXThis article assesses this argument by conducting a meta evaluation of the coverage and quality of ex-post legislative evaluations by the European Commission, Xxxxxxx XX, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et alusing two novel datasets. The 2019 report main findings are that EPL evaluation coverage indeed is patchy, with no clear upward trend in recent years. EPL evaluation is primarily a matter of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html (accessed June 10, 2020). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure to the spread of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home legislative obligation instead of studyingown initiative. This might encourage parentsThere is great scope, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ educationfinally, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopenfor enhancing the quality of EPL evaluations, by improving methodologi- cal quality, stakeholder involvement and transparency. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19KEY WORDS Ex-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC)post evaluation; and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020retrospective evaluation; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017EU legislation; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020).better regulation

End User Agreement. This publication is distributed under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act. This article entitles the maker of a short scientific work funded either wholly or partially by Dutch public funds to make that work publicly available for no consideration following a reasonable period of time after the work was first published, provided that clear reference is made to the source of the first publication of the work. Research outputs of researchers employed by Dutch Universities that comply with the legal requirements of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, are distributed online and free of cost or other barriers in institutional repositories. Research outputs are distributed six months after their first online publication in the original published version and with proper attribution to the source of the original publication. You are permitted to download and use the publication for personal purposes. All rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyrights owner(s) of this work. Any use of the publication other than authorised under this licence or copyright law is prohibited. If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the University Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the University Library will, as a precaution, make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please contact the University Library through email: xxxxxxxxx@xxx.xx.xx. You will be contacted as soon as possible. University Library Radboud University Published Online‌ XXX is a coBrain Injury ISSN: 0269-founder 9052 (Print) 1362-301X (Online) Journal homepage: xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxxxx.xxx/loi/ibij20 Validity of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War, the organisation awarded the 1985 Nobel Peace PrizeDysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX). DGN is a co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility. We declare no competing interests. Xxxxxxx Ratings by patients with brain injury and Women’s Hospital (JEM), Xxxx-Xxxxxx Cancer Institute (DGN), and Boston Children’s Hospital (DGN), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA 1 Ghinai I, XxXxxxxxx XXtheir therapists Xxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx XXXxxxx, et al. First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA. Lancet 2020; 395Xxx X. X. Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx To cite this article: 1137–44. 2 Xxxxx XX, Xxxxxxx XXXxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx S, et al. Human and ecologic effects in Massachusetts of an assumed thermonuclear attack on the United States. N Engl J Med 1962; 266: 1127–37. 3 Xxxx X, Xxxxxxx E, Xxxxxx J, Xxxxxx H. The nuclear-arms race and the physician. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 726–29. 4 Xxxxxx XX. Inadvertent nuclear war. Lancet 1988; 2: 559–60. 5 Xxxxx N, Xxxxx, M, Xxxxxx N, et al. The 2019 report Xxx X. X. Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxxx Xxxxxxx (2014) Validity of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. Lancet 2019; 394: 1836–78. 6 The New York Times Archives. The Einstein letter that started it all; a message to President Xxxxxxxxx 25 years ago launched the atom bomb and the atomic age. Aug 2, 1964. https:// xxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/0000/00/00/xxxxxxxx/xxx- einstein-letter-that-started-it-all-a-message- to-president.html Dysexecutive Questionnaire (accessed June 10, 2020DEX). Governments worldwide have imple- mented school closures as a preventive measure Ratings by patients with brain injury and their therapists, Brain Injury, 28:12, 1581-1589, DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2014.942371 To link to the spread this article: xxxx://xx.xxx.xxx/10.3109/02699052.2014.942371 Published online: 14 Aug 2014. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 479 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 4 View citing articles Download by: [Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen] Date: 12 September 2017, At: 04:29 Full Terms & Conditions of COVID-19. According to UNESCO, school closures have sent about 90% of all students out of school, among them more than 800 million girls. A substantial number of these girls live in the world’s least developed countries where getting an education is already a struggle. We agree with Xxxx access and colleagues1 who recog- nise girls as a vulnerable group in the COVID-19 pandemic, stress two issues hindering girls’ education in developing countries, and challenge progress and commitment toward gender equality, girl empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals. The first issue relates to sexual and reproductive health aspects, where teenage girls might disproportionately drop out of school due to an increased risk of sexual exploitation, pregnancy, and (forced) marriage. School closures during the Ebola outbreak were asso- ciated with an increase in teenage pregnancies.2 Once schools re-opened, many “visibly pregnant girls”2 were banned from going back to school. With schools closing throughout the developing world, where stigma around teenage pregnancies prevails, we will probably see an increase in drop-out rates as teenage girls become pregnant or married. The second issue relates to socio- economic aspects, where girls might spend less time studying or might drop out of school use can be found at higher rates than boys because of a disproportionate increase in unpaid household work. Girls aged 5–14 years already spend 40% more time doing household work than boys do.3 As girls stay at home because of school closures, their household work burdens might increase, resulting in girls spending more time helping out at home instead of studying. This might encourage parents, particularly those putting a lower value on girls’ education, to keep their daughters at home even after schools reopen. Moreover, research shows that girls risk dropping out of school when caregivers are missing from the household because they typically have to (partly) replace the work done by the missing caregiver,4 who might be away due to COVID-19-related work, illness, or death. Therefore, with the current COVID-19 pandemic, we might see more girls than boys helping at home, lagging behind with studying, and dropping out of school. We warn that school closures in this COVID-19 pandemic may bolster gender gaps in education and girl empowerment dampening any pro- xxxxx already made, particularly in developing countries. We call for public acknowledgment and discussion about the adverse effects school closures can have on widening of the schooling gap between girls and boys. We call for a gendered perspective in developing policy responses by tackling the sexual and reproductive health and socioeconomic issues addressed here to bring girls back to school after the measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic end. We also ask governments to collect data specifically on non-paid housework and childcare responsibilities frequently ignored when investigating the consequences of child labour. Addressing the health and socioeconomic issues girls might face during this pandemic, as well as collecting data to quantify their effects, are important in honouring the commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals. We declare no competing interests. *Xxxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx x.xxxxxxxxx@xx.xx.xx Institute for Management Research, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, Netherlands (KB, GC); and Xxxx Xxxxxxxx Centre for Financial Studies, Xxxx University, Lund, Sweden (KB) 1 Hall KS, Samari G, Xxxxxxx S, et al. Centring sexual and reproductive health and justice in the global COVID-19 response. Lancet 2020; 395: 1175–77. 2 Xxxxxx JWT, Xxxxxxxxxx C, Xxxxxx P, Xxxxxx J. The health impact of the 2015 Ebola outbreak. Public Health 2017; 143: 60–70. 3 UNICEF. Girls spend 160 million more hours than boys doing household chores everyday. Oct 7, 2016. xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/press- releases/girls-spend-160-million-more-hours- boys-doing-household-chores-everyday (accessed April 10, 2020).xxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxxxxx.xxx/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ibij20