Imaging Genetics of ADHD Sample Clauses

Imaging Genetics of ADHD. The field of imaging genetics combines two modalities of psychiatric research in order to find genetic markers for neuroimaging phenotypes associated with disorders. Understanding the genetics behind psychiatric disorders may become easier if the disorder is decomposed into its intermediate phenotypes such as neurocognitive measures. It is believed that fewer genes will contribute to these intermediate phenotypes than to the entire psychiatric disorder (Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2003). This idea was recently tested in an ADHD sample (Xxxxxxx et al., 2011). The study investigated the effect of Nitric Oxide (NOS1) gene on VS activation during reward anticipation. NOS1 had previously been associated with ADHD in a genome wide association study, and is known to inhibit monoamine transporters, thereby modulating the dopamine and noradrenaline concentration in the brain. Whereas the results suggested that ADHD patients show the expected reduced VS activation during reward anticipation, individuals who carry the ADHD risk genotype of NOS1 demonstrated higher VS activation than carriers of the other VNTR genotype. Thus, VS activation during reward anticipation does not appear to mediate the association between NOS1 and ADHD and further studies are needed to determine the neurocognitive mechanisms thought to underlie ADHD. Several imaging genetic studies have aimed to determine the impact of dopaminergic genes on reward-related VS activation, without associating the gene- brain relationship with a disorder. A study by Xxxxxx and colleagues suggested that multiple dopamine genes, including DRD2, DAT1 and DRD4, explained as much as 12% of the variance in VS activation measured during reward feedback (Xxxxxx et al., 2009). These results were supported in a study by Xxxxxxxx and colleagues which suggested that a multilocus genetic profile including DAT1, DRD4, DRD2 and COMT accounted for 10.9% of the inter-individual variability in VS activation during measured during a card guessing game (during reward feedback) (Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, & Xxxxxx, 2011). Another imaging genetic study targeting the reward system suggested that COMT in combination with DAT1 affects brain activation during reward anticipation (Xxxxxx, Xxxx, Kolachana, Xxxxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxx, 2009). A xxxx-xxxx interaction between COMT and DAT1 was found in the activation of the VS and lateral prefrontal cortex during reward anticipation, with carriers of the DAT1 9-repeat allele and COMT Met/Met allele exhibiti...
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