Neural Mechanisms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Sample Clauses

Neural Mechanisms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder of impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention. Recent studies suggest that ADHD may be better conceptualized dimensionally than categorically. However, the approved 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) suggests that ADHD will continue to be diagnosed categorically Most recently Xxxxxx and Xxxxx (2012) investigated the latent structure of ADHD in order to determine whether the disorder is most validly treated through categorical or dimensional models. The study showed that inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity and ADHD symptoms all have a dimensional latent structure. Overall, treating ADHD continuously accounted for 2.6 times as much variance as treating ADHD categorically. Deficits in reward processing and inhibitory control are frequently suggested to underlie the behavioural characteristics of ADHD. In order to better understand the neurocognitive mechanisms which underlie the disorder, several studies have used functional MRI. Functional MRI studies suggest that deficits in reward processing and inhibitory control jointly or independently contribute to the disorder. The dual pathway model of ADHD suggests that for some ADHD patients the origins of the disorder may lie in a deficit of the reward system whereas for others the disorder stems from a deficit in inhibitory control (X. Xxxxxx-Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxx, 2010; E. J. S. Xxxxxx-Xxxxx, 2002). The model suggests that ADHD is caused by ‘at least two relatively independent, but mutually exclusive ADHD endophenotypes’ (Xxxxxxx et al., 2011), suggesting that a person could suffer from ADHD due to disruptions in inhibitory control or abnormalities in the reward system or by an interaction of the two. Here, I will present studies that have investigated the separate effects of deficient reward processing and response inhibition on ADHD. Finally, I will present a study by Xxxxxxx and colleagues, which investigated reward processing and response inhibition in an intrasubject design of ADHD patients and healthy controls. A summary of the studies presented below can be found in Table 2.
Sample 1
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