Inflammation and depression Sample Clauses

Inflammation and depression. There is a substantial amount of clinical evidence that supports the notion that the immune system is activated in depressed patients, and that this activation plays a role in disease progression as well as the ameliorating effects of antidepressant therapy (A Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxxxx, 2009; Xxxxxx et al., 2006). Recent meta-analyses revealed that patients with MDD exhibit elevated peripheral blood inflammatory biomarkers, most commonly, proinflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α, and CRP (Xxxxxxx et al., 2010; Y Xxx, Xx, & Xxx, 2012). Levels of numerous other cytokines, such as IL-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), have also been shown to be raised (Xxxxxxxx et al., 2001). Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that such elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers can be reversed by effective antidepressant treatment (Lanquillon, Krieg, Bening-Abu-Shach, & Xxxxxx, 2000). Work from animal studies has also demonstrated that treatment with proinflammatory cytokines induces depressive-like behaviours in rodents (Anisman, 2009). More direct evidence that inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of depression comes from studies examining the effects of IFN-α treatment. It has been observed that within 3 months, up to 50% of patients undergoing such treatment acquire depression symptoms which meet criteria for a diagnosis of MDD (Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, et al., 2001; Xxxxxx et al., 2005). These studies form the foundation for the theory of cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of depression. Accordingly, inflammation is argued to contribute to a state of HPA axis dysfunction by promoting GC resistance (A Xxxxxx, 2009; Xxxx et al., 2007; Xxxxxxxx et al., 2011), through a process of cytokine-induced functional impairment of the GR (. Xxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 2006; Xxxx, Xx, & Xxxxxx, 2004).
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Related to Inflammation and depression

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  • Anti-Money Laundering and Identity Theft Prevention Related Duties Subject to the terms and conditions set forth herein, the Trust hereby delegates to the Transfer Agent the Delegated Anti-Money Laundering Duties and, where applicable, the Delegated Identity Theft Prevention Duties that are set forth in the Trust’s Anti-Money Laundering (“AML”) Program and Identity Theft Prevention Program (“IDTPP”) as described below. The Transfer Agent agrees to perform the Delegated Anti-Money Laundering Duties and the Delegated Identity Theft Prevention Duties, with respect to ownership of shares in the Fund for which the Transfer Agent maintains the applicable information subject to and in accordance with the terms and conditions of the Contract.

  • Anti-Money Laundering and Red Flag Identity Theft Prevention Programs The Trust acknowledges that it has had an opportunity to review, consider and comment upon the written procedures provided by USBFS describing various tools used by USBFS which are designed to promote the detection and reporting of potential money laundering activity and identity theft by monitoring certain aspects of shareholder activity as well as written procedures for verifying a customer’s identity (collectively, the “Procedures”). Further, the Trust and USBFS have each determined that the Procedures, as part of the Trust’s overall Anti-Money Laundering Program and Red Flag Identity Theft Prevention Program, are reasonably designed to: (i) prevent each Fund from being used for money laundering or the financing of terrorist activities; (ii) prevent identity theft; and (iii) achieve compliance with the applicable provisions of the Bank Secrecy Act, Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003 and the USA Patriot Act of 2001 and the implementing regulations thereunder. Based on this determination, the Trust hereby instructs and directs USBFS to implement the Procedures on the Trust’s behalf, as such may be amended or revised from time to time. It is contemplated that these Procedures will be amended from time to time by the parties as additional regulations are adopted and/or regulatory guidance is provided relating to the Trust’s anti-money laundering and identity theft responsibilities. USBFS agrees to provide to the Trust: (a) Prompt written notification of any transaction or combination of transactions that USBFS believes, based on the Procedures, evidence money laundering or identity theft activities in connection with the Trust or any Fund shareholder; (b) Prompt written notification of any customer(s) that USBFS reasonably believes, based upon the Procedures, to be engaged in money laundering or identity theft activities, provided that the Trust agrees not to communicate this information to the customer; (c) Any reports received by USBFS from any government agency or applicable industry self-regulatory organization pertaining to USBFS’ Anti-Money Laundering Program or the Red Flag Identity Theft Prevention Program on behalf of the Trust; (d) Prompt written notification of any action taken in response to anti-money laundering violations or identity theft activity as described in (a), (b) or (c) immediately above; and (e) Certified annual and quarterly reports of its monitoring and customer identification activities pursuant to the Procedures on behalf of the Trust. The Trust hereby directs, and USBFS acknowledges, that USBFS shall (i) permit federal regulators access to such information and records maintained by USBFS and relating to USBFS’ implementation of the Procedures, on behalf of the Trust, as they may request, and (ii) permit such federal regulators to inspect USBFS’ implementation of the Procedures on behalf of the Trust.

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