Common use of Limitations and Future Research Clause in Contracts

Limitations and Future Research. Although our work was partly inspired by historical precedent, we tested our predictions in stylized experimental contests between two individuals. The strength of this approach lies in its internal validity and enables us to draw causal inference about the effects of transfer opportunities in conflicts between an attacking and defending party. While providing valuable insights, this approach might not fully capture the complexities of real-world situations. Factors to think about when generalizing our findings to other contexts include the involvement of multiple parties, group dynamics, conflicts extending beyond the basic roles of attacker and defender, asymmetries in resources and power, and the impact of long-standing, nuanced histories between conflicting parties. Some of these complexities might be addressed through simple experimental extensions. For example, future studies could look at third-party interventionism (cf. Xxxx & Xxxxxxxxxxx, 2004; Xxxx et al., 2011) or extend our design to a group-based contest (cf. Xxxxxxxxx, 2003; Xx Xxxx et al., 2016). In addition, future research could further expand our understanding of conflict and appeasement by integrating experimental work with macro-level data (cf. De Dreu et al., 2016; Xx Xxxx et al., 2022). Our study points to the importance of individual differences, in particular social value orientation, in moderating the response of aggressors towards appeasement. While pro-sociality moderated attackers’ aggression, this effect was limited in scope. Even pro-social attackers still used some or their resources to aggress on defenders. Future research could therefore further investigate the role of individual differences by examining other psychological factors that might influence aggression and the response to appeasement. For instance, future research might investigate how traits such as risk aversion, empathy, guilt sensitivity, or dominance orientation affect how individuals behave in this context. Such work could deepen our understanding of the individual characteristics that shape behavior in conflicts and thus improve our ability to manage and de-escalate real-world conflicts.

Limitations and Future Research. Although our work was partly inspired by historical precedent, we tested our predictions in stylized experimental contests between two individuals. The strength of this approach lies in its internal validity and enables us to draw causal inference about the effects of transfer opportunities in conflicts between an attacking and defending party. While providing valuable insights, this approach might not fully capture the complexities of real-world situations. Factors to think about when generalizing our findings to other contexts include the involvement of multiple parties, group dynamics, conflicts extending beyond the basic roles of attacker and defender, asymmetries in resources and power, and the impact of long-standing, nuanced histories between conflicting parties. Some of these complexities might be addressed through simple experimental extensions. For example, future studies could look at third-party interventionism (cf. Xxxx Fehr & Xxxxxxxxxxx, 2004; Xxxx et al., 2011) or extend our design to a group-based contest (cf. Xxxxxxxxx, 20030000; Xx Xxxx et al., 2016). In addition, future research could further expand our understanding of conflict and appeasement by integrating experimental work with macro-level data (cf. De Dreu et al., 2016; Xx Xxxx et al., 2022). Our study points to the importance of individual differences, in particular social value orientation, in moderating the response of aggressors towards appeasement. While pro-sociality moderated attackers’ aggression, this effect was limited in scope. Even pro-social attackers still used some or their resources to aggress on defenders. Future research could therefore further investigate the role of individual differences by examining other psychological factors that might influence aggression and the response to appeasement. For instance, future research might investigate how traits such as risk aversion, empathy, guilt sensitivity, or dominance orientation affect how individuals behave in this context. Such work could deepen our understanding of the individual characteristics that shape behavior in conflicts and thus improve our ability to manage and de-escalate real-world conflicts.