Market-Clearing Funding Rates Sample Clauses

Market-Clearing Funding Rates. There are two types of perpetual futures contract. The Tether-denominated contract is settled in Tether (USD) and the coin-denominated contract is settled in the crypto- currency. The differences in the two contracts are evident in the definition of the crypto-carry trade returns in Tables 1 and 2. Both contracts are designed to track the same underlying cryptocurrency spot price. A simple long position in either contract has virtually identical results (Table 3). Yet, judging by funding rate paid from long positions to short positions – driving the carry trade return – long traders on the Tether-based contract appear willing to pay more than long traders on the coin-based contract. To understand this empirical property, we develop a simple one-period model of derivatives trade in the spirit of Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxx (1978). For concreteness, think of the single cryptocurrency as Bitcoin with spot prices of BTC as P0 and P1. With the date one price, P1 as a random variable. Here, we abstract from basis risk, and pin the perpetual futures contract price to the spot price, Ft = Pt. These assump- tions pin down the cash-flows from the perpetual contracts, and we will solve for the market-clearing funding rate r. Investors have initial wealth W0. To motivate trade in a derivative, measure wa have mean belief µa about the underlying cryptocurrency price return and measure wb = 1 − wa use mean belief µb. Setting µb < 0 < µa we can think of a as the long- biased traders with b as short-biased. Investors, i ∈ {a, b}, can purchase n perpetual futures contracts to solve: max n≥0 Ei[u(W1)] s.t W0 − nαF0 ≥ 0. The utility function has the usual u′ > 0 and u′′ < 0 properties. It is also helpful to assume u′′′ ≤ 0 so futures demands are monotonic in the funding rate.14 The definition of W1 depends on the contract type, Tether or coin denominated, and on whether the trade is long or short. The budget constraint comes from the exchange’s margin requirement. The position size, n ≥ 0, is the number of contracts the trader chooses. We will define the payoffs for long, nl ≥ 0, and short, ns ≥ 0 separately below. As a convention, think of these as “Bitcoin-sized” with each position having the notional value of F0. So the minimum margin requirement imposed by the exchange, α (say 30% for example), imposes an upper-bound on position size. Whether or not this constraint binds at the optimum will depend on parameters. Wealth not used for derivative trading is invested in a risk-free as...
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Related to Market-Clearing Funding Rates

  • Applicable Interest Rates (a) U.S.

  • Interest Rates All outstanding Term Loans to the Borrower shall bear interest on the unpaid principal amount thereof (including, to the extent permitted by law, on interest thereon not paid when due) from the date made until paid in full in cash at a rate determined by reference to the Base Rate or Adjusted Term SOFR plus the Applicable Margin, but not to exceed the Maximum Rate. If at any time Term Loans are outstanding with respect to which the Borrower has not delivered to the Agent a notice specifying the basis for determining the interest rate applicable thereto in accordance herewith, those Term Loans shall be treated as Base Rate Loans until notice to the contrary has been given to the Agent in accordance with this Agreement and such notice has become effective. Except as otherwise provided herein, the Term Loans shall bear interest as follows: (i) For all Base Rate Loans, at a fluctuating per annum rate equal to the Base Rate plus the Applicable Margin; and (ii) For all SOFR Rate Loans, at a fluctuating per annum rate equal to Adjusted Term SOFR plus the Applicable Margin. Each change in the Base Rate (or any component thereof) shall be reflected in the interest rate applicable to Base Rate Loans as of the effective date of such change. All computations of interest for Base Rate Loans when the Base Rate is determined by the “prime rate” shall be made on the basis of a year of 365 or 366 days, as the case may be, and actual days elapsed. All other computations of fees and interest shall be made on the basis of a 360-day year and actual days elapsed (which results in more fees or interest, as applicable, being paid than if computed on the basis of a 365-day year). On the last Business Day of each calendar quarter hereafter and on the Termination Date, the Borrower shall pay to the Agent, for the ratable benefit of the Lenders, interest accrued from the last Business Day of the preceding calendar quarter to the last Business Day of such calendar quarter (or accrued to the Termination Date in the case of a payment on the Termination Date) on all Base Rate Loans in arrears. The Borrower shall pay to the Agent, for the ratable benefit of the Lenders, interest on all SOFR Rate Loans in arrears on each SOFR Interest Payment Date.

  • Determination of Applicable Interest Rate As soon as practicable on each Interest Rate Determination Date, Bank shall determine (which determination shall, absent manifest error in calculation, be final, conclusive and binding upon all parties) the interest rate that shall apply to the LIBOR Advances for which an interest rate is then being determined for the applicable Interest Period and shall promptly give notice thereof (in writing or by telephone confirmed in writing) to Borrower.

  • Interest Rates; LIBOR Notification The interest rate on Eurodollar Loans is determined by reference to the LIBO Rate, which is derived from the London interbank offered rate. The London interbank offered rate is intended to represent the rate at which contributing banks may obtain short-term borrowings from each other in the London interbank market. In July 2017, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority announced that, after the end of 2021, it would no longer persuade or compel contributing banks to make rate submissions to the ICE Benchmark Administration (together with any successor to the ICE Benchmark Administrator, the “IBA”) for purposes of the IBA setting the London interbank offered rate. As a result, it is possible that commencing in 2022, the London interbank offered rate may no longer be available or may no longer be deemed an appropriate reference rate upon which to determine the interest rate on Eurodollar Loans. In light of this eventuality, public and private sector industry initiatives are currently underway to identify new or alternative reference rates to be used in place of the London interbank offered rate. In the event that the London interbank offered rate is no longer available or in certain other circumstances as set forth in Section 2.14(c) of this Agreement, such Section 2.14(c) provides a mechanism for determining an alternative rate of interest. The Administrative Agent will notify the Borrower, pursuant to Section 2.14, in advance of any change to the reference rate upon which the interest rate on Eurodollar Loans is based. However, the Administrative Agent does not warrant or accept any responsibility for, and shall not have any liability with respect to, the administration, submission or any other matter related to the London interbank offered rate or other rates in the definition of “LIBO Rate” or with respect to any alternative or successor rate thereto, or replacement rate thereof, including without limitation, whether the composition or characteristics of any such alternative, successor or replacement reference rate, as it may or may not be adjusted pursuant to Section 2.14(c), will be similar to, or produce the same value or economic equivalence of, the LIBO Rate or have the same volume or liquidity as did the London interbank offered rate prior to its discontinuance or unavailability.

  • Applicable Interest Rate 5.10.1 In respect of Pre-Delivery Interest Periods or Interest Periods pursuant to Clause 5.3.1 and subject to Clause 5.3.1, Clause 5.12 and Clause 6, the rate of interest applicable to the Loan (or relevant part in the case of the division of the Loan under Clause 5.8) during a Pre-Delivery Interest Period or an Interest Period shall be the Floating Interest Rate. 5.10.2 In respect of Interest Periods pursuant to Clause 5.3.2 and subject to Clause 5.3.2, Clause 5.12 and Clause 6, the rate of interest applicable to the Loan (or relevant part in the case of the division of the Loan under Clause 5.8) during an Interest Period shall be the Fixed Rate.

  • Fixed Interest Rates Each Mortgage Loan bears interest at a rate that remains fixed throughout the remaining term of such Mortgage Loan, except in the case of ARD loans and situations where default interest is imposed.

  • Regular Floating Rate Note Unless this Note is specified on the face hereof as a Floating Rate/Fixed Rate Note, this Note (a “Regular Floating Rate Note”) will bear interest at the rate determined by reference to the applicable Interest Rate Basis or Interest Rate Bases: (1) plus or minus the applicable Spread, if any; and/or (2) multiplied by the applicable Spread Multiplier, if any. Commencing on the first Interest Reset Date, the rate at which interest on this Regular Floating Rate Note is payable will be reset as of each Interest Reset Date; provided, however, that the interest rate in effect for the period, if any, from the Original Issue Date to the first Interest Reset Date will be the Initial Interest Rate.

  • Floating Rate/Fixed Rate Notes If this Note is specified on the face hereof as a “Floating Rate/Fixed Rate Note”, this Note will bear interest at the rate determined by reference to the applicable Interest Rate Basis or Interest Rate Bases: (1) plus or minus the applicable Spread, if any; and/or (2) multiplied by the applicable Spread Multiplier, if any. Commencing on the first Interest Reset Date, the rate at which this Floating Rate/Fixed Rate Note is payable will be reset as of each Interest Reset Date; provided, however, that: (A) the interest rate in effect for the period, if any, from the Original Issue Date to the first Interest Reset Date will be the Initial Interest Rate specified on the face hereof; and (B) the interest rate in effect commencing on the Fixed Rate Commencement Date will be the Fixed Interest Rate, if specified on the face hereof, or, if not so specified, the interest rate in effect on the day immediately preceding the Fixed Rate Commencement Date.

  • Interest Rates and Payment Dates (a) Each Eurodollar Loan shall bear interest for each day during each Interest Period with respect thereto at a rate per annum equal to the Eurodollar Rate determined for such day plus the Applicable Margin. (b) Each ABR Loan shall bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the ABR plus the Applicable Margin. (i) If all or a portion of the principal amount of any Loan or Reimbursement Obligation shall not be paid when due (whether at the stated maturity, by acceleration or otherwise), all outstanding Loans and Reimbursement Obligations (whether or not overdue) shall bear interest at a rate per annum equal to (x) in the case of the Loans, the rate that would otherwise be applicable thereto pursuant to the foregoing provisions of this Section plus 2% or (y) in the case of Reimbursement Obligations, the rate applicable to ABR Loans under the Revolving Facility plus 2%, and (ii) if all or a portion of any interest payable on any Loan or Reimbursement Obligation or any commitment fee or other amount payable hereunder shall not be paid when due (whether at the stated maturity, by acceleration or otherwise), such overdue amount shall bear interest at a rate per annum equal to the rate then applicable to ABR Loans under the relevant Facility plus 2% (or, in the case of any such other amounts that do not relate to a particular Facility, the rate then applicable to ABR Loans under the Revolving Facility plus 2%), in each case, with respect to clauses (i) and (ii) above, from the date of such non-payment until such amount is paid in full (as well after as before judgment). (d) Interest shall be payable in arrears on each Interest Payment Date, provided that interest accruing pursuant to paragraph (c) of this Section shall be payable from time to time on demand.

  • Interest Rate Adjustment The interest rate payable will be subject to adjustments from time to time if either Moody’s or S&P or, if applicable, Fitch or any “nationally recognized statistical rating organization” within the meaning of Section 3(a)(62) of the Exchange Act selected by the Company (as certified by a resolution of the Company’s board of directors) as a replacement for Moody’s or S&P, as the case may be (each, a “Substitute Rating Agency”) downgrades (or downgrades and subsequently upgrades) the credit rating assigned to the Notes, in the manner described below. Each of Moody’s, S&P and any Substitute Rating Agency is an “Interest Rate Rating Agency,” and together they are “Interest Rate Rating Agencies.” (a) If the rating assigned by Moody’s (or, if applicable, any Substitute Rating Agency) of the Notes is decreased to a rating set forth in the immediately following table, the interest rate on the Notes will increase such that it will equal the interest rate payable on the Notes of such series on the date of their initial issuance plus the percentage set forth opposite the rating in the table below (plus, if applicable, the percentage set forth opposite the rating in the table under Section 108(b) below): Ba1 0.25 % Ba2 0.50 % Ba3 0.75 % B1 or below 1.00 % * Including the equivalent ratings of any Substitute Rating Agency. (b) If the rating assigned by S&P (or, if applicable, any Substitute Rating Agency) of a series of Notes is decreased to a rating set forth in the immediately following table, the interest rate on the Notes of such series will increase such that it will equal the interest rate payable on the Notes of such series on the date of their initial issuance plus the percentage set forth opposite the rating in the table below (plus, if applicable, the percentage set forth opposite the rating in the table under Section 108(a) above): BB+ 0.25 % BB 0.50 % BB- 0.75 % B+ or below 1.00 % * Including the equivalent ratings of any Substitute Rating Agency. If at any time the interest rate on the Notes of a series has been increased and any of the Interest Rate Rating Agencies subsequently upgrades its rating of the Notes of such series, the interest rate on the Notes of such series will be decreased such that the interest rate for the Notes of such series equals the interest rate payable on the Notes of such series on the date of their initial issuance plus the percentages set forth opposite the ratings from the tables above in effect immediately following the upgrade in rating. If Moody’s (or any Substitute Rating Agency) subsequently upgrades its rating of the Notes of such series to Baa3 (or its equivalent, in the case of a Substitute Rating Agency) or higher, and S&P (or any Substitute Rating Agency) upgrades its rating to BBB- (or its equivalent, in the case of a Substitute Rating Agency) or higher, the interest rate on the Notes of such series will be decreased to the interest rate payable on the Notes of such series on the date of their initial issuance (and if one such upgrade occurs and the other does not, the interest rate on the Notes of such series will be decreased so that it does not reflect any increase attributable to the upgrading Interest Rate Rating Agency). In addition, the interest rates on the Notes of a series will permanently cease to be subject to any adjustment described above (notwithstanding any subsequent downgrade in the ratings by any of the Interest Rate Rating Agencies) if the Notes of such series become rated Baa1 and BBB+ (or, in either case, the equivalent thereof, in the case of a Substitute Rating Agency) or higher by Moody’s and S&P (or, in either case, any Substitute Rating Agency), respectively (or one of these ratings if the Notes of such series are only rated by one rating agency). Each adjustment required by any downgrade or upgrade in a rating set forth above, whether occasioned by the action of Moody’s or S&P (or, in either case, any Substitute Rating Agency), shall be made independent of any and all other adjustments. In no event shall (1) the interest rate on the Notes of a series be reduced to below the interest rate payable on the Notes of such series on the date of their initial issuance or (2) the total increase in the interest rate on the Notes of such series exceed 2.00% above the interest rate payable on the Notes of such series on the date of their initial issuance. No adjustments in the interest rate of the Notes of a series shall be made solely as a result of an Interest Rate Rating Agency ceasing to provide a rating on the Notes of such series. If at any time less than two Interest Rate Rating Agencies provide a rating of the Notes of such series for reasons beyond the Company’s control, the Company will use its commercially reasonable efforts to obtain a rating of the Notes of such series from a Substitute Rating Agency, if one exists, in which case, for purposes of determining any increase or decrease in the interest rate on the Notes of such series pursuant to the tables above (a) such Substitute Rating Agency will be substituted for the last Interest Rate Rating Agency to provide a rating of the Notes of such series but which has since ceased to provide such rating, (b) the relative rating scale used by such Substitute Rating Agency to assign ratings to senior unsecured debt will be determined in good faith by an independent investment banking institution of national standing appointed by the Company and, for purposes of determining the applicable ratings included in the applicable table above with respect to such Substitute Rating Agency, such ratings will be deemed to be the equivalent ratings used by Moody’s or S&P, as applicable, in such table and (c) the interest rate on the Notes of a series will increase or decrease, as the case may be, such that the interest rate equals the interest rate payable on the Notes of a series on the date of their initial issuance plus the appropriate percentage, if any, set forth opposite the deemed equivalent rating from such Substitute Rating Agency in the applicable table above (taking into account the provisions of clause (b) above) (plus any applicable percentage resulting from a decreased rating by the other Interest Rate Rating Agency). For so long as only one Interest Rate Rating Agency provides a rating of the Notes of a series, any subsequent increase or decrease in the interest rate of the Notes of such series necessitated by a reduction or increase in the rating by the Interest Rate Rating Agency providing the rating shall be twice the applicable percentage set forth in the applicable table above. For so long as no Interest Rate Rating Agency provides a rating of the Notes of a series, the interest rate on the Notes of such series will increase to, or remain at, as the case may be, 2.00% above the interest rate payable on the Notes of such series on the date of their initial issuance. Any interest rate increase or decrease described above will take effect from the first day of the interest period commencing after the date on which a rating change occurs that requires an adjustment in the interest rate. If any Interest Rate Rating Agency changes its rating of the Notes of a series more than once prior to any particular interest payment date, the last change by such agency prior to such interest payment date will control for purposes of any interest rate increase or decrease with respect to the Notes of a series described above relating to such rating agency’s action. If the interest rate payable on the Notes of a series is increased as described above, the term “interest,” as used with respect to the Notes of such series, will be deemed to include any such additional interest unless the context otherwise requires.

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