Plasma lipids Sample Clauses

Plasma lipids. Generally, the risk of CHD is high in countries where the average serum cholesterol is high, compared to those where the average cholesterol concentration is low. Raised serum cholesterol concentrations are usually due to increases in the low density lipoprotein (LDL). LDL is derived from the metabolism of very low density lipoprotein particles (VLDL) that are secreted from the liver. VLDL is converted to LDL first by TAG removal from VLDL through the action of lipoprotein lipase to produce smaller particles, referred to as intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL). IDL can be either cleared from the circulation by the liver particularly if they contain apolipoprotein E or converted to LDL by further removal of their TAG by hepatic lipase. LDL contains apolipoprotein B100 and is enriched with cholesterol. Serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations are usually estimated by determining the total cholesterol concentrations, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triacylglycerol (TAG) concentration using the Friedwald formula (total cholesterol – [HDL-C+TAG/2.2]). Desirable levels of LDL-C are less than 3 mmol/L. Serum LDL-C concentrations are determined mainly by the activity of LDL receptors which are expressed mainly in the liver (Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2009). Various hormonal and genetic factors influence the activity of the receptors. First discovered by Nobel Laureates Xxxxxxxxx and Xxxxx, this receptor was found to be lacking in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). Heterozygous FH, where only half of the numbers of LDL receptors are function, is characterised by very high LDL-C typically well above 6 mmol/L and a 25 fold increase in risk of CHD before the age of 60 years. The prevalence of FH is above 1:500 in the general population. Increases in LDL-C occur with increasing age and it is believed that LDL receptors activity declines with age and is affected by thyroid hormone activity and oestradiol. The increase in LDL-C seen in women post menopause is believed to be due to a decline in LDL receptors activity due to the loss of oestradiol. LDL particles play a crucial role in the atherogenic process, but native LDL particles required to undergo oxidative modification before they are taken up by scavenger receptors on macrophages within the sub-endothelial space (Xxxxxxxxx, 1989). The accumulation of lipid laden macrophages results in fatty streaks in the artery and these can progress to form the more complex lesions of atherosclerosi...
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  • SHOP DRAWINGS, PRODUCT DATA AND SAMPLES 4.12.1 Shop Drawings are drawings, diagrams, schedules and other, data specially prepared for the Work by the Contractor or any Subcontractor, manufacturer, supplier or distributor to illustrate some portion of the Work. 4.12.2 Product Data are illustrations, standard schedules, performance charts, instructions, brochures, diagrams and other information furnished by the Contractor to illustrate a material, product or system for some portion of the Work. 4.12.3 Samples are physical examples which illustrate materials, equipment or workmanship and establish standards by which the Work will be judged. 4.12.4 The Contractor shall review, approve and submit, with reasonable promptness and in such sequence as to cause no delay in the Work or in the work of the State or any separate contractor, all Shop Drawings, Product Data and Samples required by the Contract Documents. 4.12.5 By approving and submitting Shop Drawings, Product Data and Samples, the Contractor represents that he / she has determined and verified all materials, field measurements, and field construction criteria related thereto, or will do so, and that he / she has checked and coordinated the information contained within such submittals with the requirements of the Work and of the Contract Documents. 4.12.6 The Contractor shall not be relieved of responsibility for any deviation from the requirements of the Contract Documents by the Architect's approval of Shop Drawings, Product Data or Samples under Subparagraph 2.2.7 of these General Conditions unless the Contractor has specifically informed the Architect and the State in writing of such deviation at the time of sub- mission and the Architect and the State has given written approval to the specific deviation. The Contractor shall not be relieved from responsibility for errors or omissions in the Shop Drawings, Product Data or Samples by the Architect's approval thereof. 4.12.7 The Contractor shall direct specific attention, in writing or on resubmitted Shop Drawings, Product Data or Samples, to revisions other than those requested by the Architect on previous submittals. 4.12.8 No portion of the Work requiring submission of a Shop Drawing, Product Data or Sample shall be commenced until the submittal has been approved by the Architect as provided in Subparagraph 2.2.7 of these General Conditions. All such portions of the Work shall be in accordance with approved submittals.

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