Purchase and Sale of Assets Assumption of Liabilities 8 2.1 Purchase and Sale of Assets 8 2.2 Excluded Assets 10 2.3 Assumption of Liabilities 11 2.4 Excluded Liabilities 12 2.5 Further Conveyances and Assumptions; Consent of Third Parties 12 2.6 Purchase Price Allocation 13
Assumption of Assumed Liabilities Upon the terms and subject to the conditions of this Agreement, at the Closing, Purchaser shall (i) assume and, subject to Section 2.5, Section 6.5, Section 6.6 and Article VII, pay, perform, satisfy and discharge any and all Liabilities of the Sellers or any of their Affiliates (including the Conveyed Subsidiaries and their Subsidiaries), whether arising prior to, on or after the Closing, to the extent resulting from or arising out of the past, present or future ownership, operation, use or conduct of the Business or the Purchased Assets (including the Shares) and (ii) cause the Conveyed Subsidiaries and their Subsidiaries to pay, perform, satisfy and discharge any and all of their respective Liabilities, in each case of the foregoing clauses (i) and (ii), other than Liabilities identified as Retained Liabilities in clauses (a) through (g) of Section 2.5 (all of the foregoing Liabilities being collectively referred to herein as the “Assumed Liabilities”). The Assumed Liabilities shall also include the following:
(a) all Liabilities to the extent expressly assumed by, retained by or agreed to be performed by Purchaser or its Subsidiaries (including the Conveyed Subsidiaries and their Subsidiaries) pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, including all Liabilities to the extent transferred to or assumed or retained by Purchaser or its Subsidiaries pursuant to Section 6.6 and Section 6.13;
(b) all Liabilities in respect of any Action, whether class, individual or otherwise in nature, in law or in equity, whether or not presently threatened, asserted or pending, to the extent arising out of, or to the extent relating to, the Business or the operation or conduct of the Business prior to, on or after the Closing;
(c) all Liabilities for Taxes of the Conveyed Subsidiaries and their Subsidiaries and, without duplication, all other Liabilities for Taxes imposed with respect to, arising out of or relating to the Purchased Assets or the Business, in each case, other than Seller Indemnified Taxes for which Seller Parent is liable pursuant to this Agreement;
(d) all Liabilities to the extent arising out of, or to the extent relating to, the design, manufacture, testing, marketing, distribution, use or sale of Products prior to, on or after the Closing, including warranty obligations and irrespective of the legal theory asserted;
(e) all Liabilities to suppliers and customers, in each case to the extent arising out of, or to the extent relating to, the Business, including in respect of any Products returned prior to, on or after the Closing;
(f) all accounts payable and all other Liabilities, in each case included in the calculation of Final Business Working Capital, all Funded Indebtedness included in the calculation of Final Business Net Cash and all other Indebtedness of the Conveyed Subsidiaries (or their Subsidiaries) that is not Funded Indebtedness;
(g) all Environmental Liabilities of any nature whatsoever to the extent arising out of, or relating to, or in respect of the Conveyed Subsidiaries (or their Subsidiaries), the Purchased Assets, the Business or the Facilities, whether arising prior to, on or after the Closing, other than the Retained Facilities Environmental Liabilities or the Retained Environmental Liabilities;
(h) all Liabilities to the extent relating to, resulting from or arising out of the Assumed Contracts, including Purchaser’s or its Affiliates’ (including any Conveyed Subsidiary’s or its Subsidiaries’) portion of Shared Contractual Liabilities pursuant to Section 2.2(d); and
(i) the Liabilities set forth in Section 2.4(i) of the Seller Disclosure Letter.
Excluded Assets and Liabilities Notwithstanding that this ------------------------------- Agreement relates to the purchase of capital stock from Seller by Purchaser, which results in the Company retaining any and all of its assets and liabilities, it is understood and agreed that Seller shall remove from the Company's premises prior to Closing and/or, as appropriate, remove from the Company's books and records, only those particular assets set forth on Schedule 1.3 hereto (the "EXCLUDED ASSETS"). Further, Seller shall assume any and all liabilities set forth on Schedule 1.3 hereto (the "EXCLUDED LIABILITIES"). Purchaser agrees that it shall cause Penta-Gen and the Company to execute any and all such bills of sale, assignments and/or agreements as may be necessary to transfer title to the Excluded Assets to Seller and to assign and/or transfer the Excluded Liabilities to Seller. The parties hereto further agree that no other assets of the Company, whether tangible or intangible, shall be removed from the Company's premises or from the Company's books and records except in the ordinary course of the Company's Business as provided herein from and after December 31, 1995 through the Closing Date.
Assumed Liabilities On the Closing Date, Buyer or the UniSource Designee acquiring the Assets shall deliver to Seller the Assignment and Assumption Agreement pursuant to which Buyer or such UniSource Designee shall assume and agree to discharge when due, without recourse to Seller, in accordance with the respective terms and subject to the respective conditions thereof, all of the Assumed Liabilities. All of the following liabilities and obligations of Seller or Buyer which relate to, or arise by virtue of Seller's or Buyer's ownership of the Assets or operation of the Business (other than Excluded Liabilities) are referred to collectively as the "Assumed Liabilities":
(a) all liabilities and obligations of Seller or Buyer arising on or after the Closing Date under the Assigned Agreements, the Real Property Leases, and the Transferable Permits in accordance with the terms thereof, including, without limitation, the Assigned Agreements entered into by Seller (i) prior to the date hereof and (ii) after the date hereof consistent with the terms of this Agreement, except in each case to the extent such liabilities and obligations, but for a breach or default by Seller, would have been paid, performed or otherwise discharged on or prior to the Closing Date and are not otherwise included among the items causing an adjustment to the Base Purchase Price contemplated in Section 3.3 or to the extent the same arise out of any such breach or default or out of any event which after the giving of notice or passage of time or both would constitute a default by Seller;
(b) all liabilities and obligations of Seller for accounts payable to the extent included among the items causing an adjustment to the Base Purchase Price contemplated in Section 3.3;
(c) all liabilities and obligations associated with the Assets or the Business in respect of Taxes for which Buyer is liable pursuant to Section 3.4 or 6.10(a) hereof;
(d) all liabilities and obligations of Seller or Buyer with respect to the Transferred Employees incurred on or after the Closing Date for which Buyer is responsible pursuant to Section 6.12;
(e) all liabilities, responsibilities and obligations of Seller or Buyer arising under Environmental Laws or relating to Environmental Conditions or Regulated Substances (including common law liabilities relating to Environmental Conditions and Regulated Substances), whether such liability, responsibility or obligation is known or unknown, contingent or accrued as of the Closing Date, including but not limited to: (i) costs of compliance (including capital, operating and other costs) relating to any violation or alleged violation of Environmental Laws occurring prior to, on or after the Closing Date, with respect to the ownership of the Assets or operation of the Business; (ii) property damage or natural resource damage (whether such damages were manifested before or after the Closing Date) arising from Environmental Conditions or Releases of Regulated Substances at, on, in, under, adjacent to, or migrating from any Assets prior to, on or after the Closing Date; (iii) any Remediation (whether or not such Remediation commenced before the Closing Date or commences after the Closing Date) of Environmental Conditions or Regulated Substances that are present or have been Released prior to, on or after the Closing Date, at, on, in, adjacent to or migrating from the Assets; (iv) any violations or alleged violations of Environmental Laws occurring on or after the Closing Date with respect to the ownership of any Assets or operation of the Business; (v) any bodily injury or loss of life arising from Environmental Conditions or Releases of Regulated Substances at, on, in, under, adjacent to or migrating from any Asset on or after the Closing Date; (vi) any bodily injury, loss of life, property damage, or natural resource damage arising from the storage, transportation, treatment, disposal, discharge, recycling or Release, at any Off-Site Location, or arising from the arrangement for such activities, on or after the Closing Date, of Regulated Substances generated in connection with the ownership of the Assets or the operation of the Business; and (vii) any Remediation of any Environmental Condition or Release of Regulated Substances arising from the storage, transportation, treatment, disposal, discharge, recycling or Release, at any Off-Site Location, or arising from the arrangement for such activities, on or after the Closing Date, of Regulated Substances generated in connection with the ownership or operation of the Assets; provided, that nothing set forth in this Section 2.3 shall require Buyer to assume any liabilities, responsibilities or obligations that are expressly excluded in Section 2.4;
(f) any Tax that may be imposed by any federal, state or local government on the ownership, sale (except as otherwise provided in Section 3.4 or 6.10(a)), operation of the Business or use of the Assets on or after the Closing Date, except for any Income Taxes attributable to the income of Seller;
(g) all liabilities and obligations of Seller or Buyer arising on and after the Closing Date under those Orders specifically relating to the Assets or the Business issued by or entered into with any Governmental Authority and listed in Schedule 2.3(g) or imposed on Buyer in any Required Regulatory Approval;
(h) customer advances, customer deposits and construction advances, unperformed service obligations, Easement relocation obligations, and engineering and construction required to complete scheduled construction, construction work in progress, and other capital expenditure projects, in each case directly related to the Business and outstanding on or arising after the Closing Date; and
(i) actions and proceedings based on conduct, actions, circumstances or conditions arising or occurring on or after the Closing Date, actions and proceedings described in Schedule 2.3(i), actions and proceedings arising from or directly related to any other Assumed Liability, and generic or industry-wide actions and proceedings outstanding on or arising on or after the Closing Date that are applicable to the Business.
Liabilities Assumed by Assuming Bank The Assuming Bank expressly assumes at Book Value (subject to adjustment pursuant to Article VIII) and agrees to pay, perform, and discharge all of the following liabilities of the Failed Bank as of Bank Closing, except as otherwise provided in this Agreement (such liabilities referred to as "Liabilities Assumed"):
(a) Assumed Deposits, except those Deposits specifically listed on Schedule 2.1(a); provided, that as to any Deposits of public money which are Assumed Deposits, the Assuming Bank agrees to properly secure such Deposits with such of the Assets as appropriate which, prior to Bank Closing, were pledged as security therefor by the Failed Bank, or with assets of the Assuming Bank, if such securing Assets, if any, are insufficient to properly secure such Deposits;
(b) liabilities for indebtedness secured by mortgages, deeds of trust, chattel mortgages, security interests or other liens on or affecting any Assets, if any; provided, that the assumption of any liability pursuant to this paragraph shall be limited to the market value of the Assets securing such liability as determined by the Receiver;
(c) borrowings from Federal Reserve Banks and Federal Home Loan Banks, if any, provided, that the assumption of any liability pursuant to this paragraph shall be limited to the market value of the assets securing such liability as determined by the Receiver; and overdrafts, debit balances, service charges, reclamations, and adjustments to accounts with the Federal Reserve Banks as reflected on the books and records of any such Federal Reserve Bank within ninety (90) days after Bank Closing, if any;
(d) ad valorem taxes applicable to any Asset, if any; provided, that the assumption of any ad valorem taxes pursuant to this paragraph shall be limited to an amount equal to the market value of the Asset to which such taxes apply as determined by the Receiver;
(e) liabilities, if any, for federal funds purchased, repurchase agreements and overdrafts in accounts maintained with other depository institutions (including any accrued and unpaid interest thereon computed to and including Bank Closing); provided, that the assumption of any liability pursuant to this paragraph shall be limited to the market value of the Assets securing such liability as determined by the Receiver;
(f) United States Treasury tax and loan note option accounts, if any;
(g) liabilities for any acceptance or commercial letter of credit (other than "standby letters of credit" as defined in 12 C.F.R. Section 337.2(a)); provided, that the assumption of any liability pursuant to this paragraph shall be limited to the market value of the Assets securing such liability as determined by the Receiver;
(h) duties and obligations assumed pursuant to this Agreement including without limitation those relating to the Failed Bank's credit card business, overdraft protection plans, safe deposit business, safekeeping business or trust business, if any;
(i) liabilities, if any, for Commitments;
(j) liabilities, if any, for amounts owed to any Subsidiary of the Failed Bank acquired under Section 3.1;
(k) liabilities, if any, with respect to Qualified Financial Contracts;
(l) duties and obligations under any contract pursuant to which the Failed Bank provides mortgage servicing for others, or mortgage servicing is provided to the Failed Bank by others; and
(m) all asset-related offensive litigation liabilities and all asset-related defensive litigation liabilities, but only to the extent such liabilities relate to assets subject to a loss share agreement, and provided that all other defensive litigation and any class actions with respect to credit card business are retained by the Receiver. Schedule 2.1 attached hereto and incorporated herein sets forth certain categories of Liabilities Assumed and the aggregate Book Value of the Liabilities Assumed in such categories. Such schedule is based upon the best information available to the Receiver and may be adjusted as provided in Article VIII.
Purchase and Sale of the Assets Except for the Excluded Assets set forth in Section 2.2 below, at and as of the Effective Time, the Sellers shall Transfer to the Purchaser, and the Purchaser shall purchase and accept from the Sellers, free and clear of all Liens to the maximum extent provided in the Sale Approval Order, all of the Sellers’ right, title and interest in and to the following assets (the “Transferred Assets”):
(a) the Accounts Receivable, a recent summary schedule of which is attached hereto as Schedule 2.1(a) (it being understood that such schedule does not reflect Accounts Receivable as of the Closing Date that will be included in the Transferred Assets);
(b) the Equipment and Other Personalty whether located at the Transferred Facilities of the Sellers or elsewhere;
(c) the Intellectual Property primarily used in the Business, including, without limitation, the patented or registered Intellectual Property set forth on Schedule 2.1(c) and pending patent applications or other applications for the registration of Intellectual Property;
(d) all Inventory, a recent summary schedule of which is attached hereto as Schedule 2.1(d) (it being understood that such schedule does not reflect Inventory as of the Closing Date that will be included in the Transferred Assets);
(e) all rights of the Sellers under Assigned Contracts;
(f) originals or copies of all books, financial and other records and information which has been reduced to written, recorded or encoded form, in each case to the extent related to the Business (collectively, the “Books and Records”);
(g) licenses and permits primarily used in the operation of the Business, to the extent transferable;
(h) subject to the Purchaser’s right to reject any lease of Real Property in accordance with the terms of this Agreement, owned and leased Real Property primarily used in the operation of the Business, each parcel of which is set forth on Schedule 2.1(h);
(i) any warranties of third parties on any Transferred Assets;
(j) all prepaid expenses, security deposits and other credits owed to the Sellers from third parties, to the extent primarily related to the Transferred Assets;
(k) all rights and incidents under policies, contracts or arrangements related to insurance of any Seller to the extent related to Assumed Liabilities or Transferred Assets and to the extent transferable (it being understood that (i) such policies will be cancelled at Closing and the Sellers will be entitled to any refunds upon such cancellation and (ii) the Sellers’ directors and officers insurance policies will constitute Excluded Assets in all respects);
(l) all rights and claims of the Sellers of every kind and description under all non-disclosure, confidentiality, non-competition, non-solicitation, assignment of invention and other agreements of a comparable nature with (i) all present and former employees of the Sellers other than Eligible Employees who are hired by the Purchaser to the extent such agreements relate to the Transferred Assets and (ii) all Eligible Employees who are hired by the Purchaser whether or not such agreements relate to the Transferred Assets; and
(m) all other assets primarily related to the Business, other than any Excluded Assets.
Purchase and Sale of Acquired Assets On the Closing Date but effective as of the Effective Date, each Seller shall sell, transfer, deliver, convey and assign to Purchaser, and Purchaser shall purchase, acquire, and accept from such Seller, upon the terms and conditions stated herein, all of such Seller’s right, title and interest in and to the following:
(a) All hardware, third-party software licenses, documentation, third-party trademark licenses, fixtures, furniture, equipment and other assets of such Seller, in each case, which is necessary to satisfy such Seller’s obligations under the Assumed Contracts, as identified on Schedule 1.1 attached hereto (the “Transferred Resources”), to the fullest extent transferable by such Seller to Purchaser (or if not at all transferable, a mutually acceptable arrangement shall be structured as provided in Section 8.4);
(b) All right, title, and interest of such Seller in and to the source code, object code, schematics, design tools, and all associated documentation for all of such Seller’s past or present software products (including but not limited to Connect CCB, Connect IXC, Access IM, Connect RTR, IPC, WPM, Marketing Dashboard, Revenue Assurance Suite, Communications Resources Manager (CRM), and EBP&P), and all of such Seller’s software tools, subroutines, and other components, whether completed or under development, all prior or unreleased versions thereof, and all tangible embodiments (and all copies, extracts, or analyses thereof) in any medium whatsoever, and all right, title, and interest of such Seller in and to its copyrights, patents, trademarks, service marks, trade dress, and any applications therefor (including U.S. patent application number 12055933), and any related Intellectual Property Rights (as defined in Section 2.2) of such Seller, and all rights under any and all contracts for the acquisition or development of any of the foregoing, including without limitation assignments to such Seller, covenants to assign inventions to such Seller (including without limitation those assignments contained in subcontractor agreements), covenants to cooperate with such Seller’s obtaining protections of intellectual property, other provisions for ownership by such Seller of a work-for-hire, any and all confidentiality and non-disclosure agreements in favor of a Seller and all agreements similar to the foregoing, in each case to the fullest extent transferable by such Seller to Purchaser (or if not at all transferable, a mutually acceptable arrangement shall be structured as provided in Section 8.4) (collectively, the “Intellectual Property”);
(c) All right, title, and interest (including rights to payment for customer services which services were rendered on or following the Effective Date or for Software (as hereinafter defined) for periods on or following the Effective Date) of such Seller in and under the Assumed Contracts (as hereinafter defined) on and after the Effective Date, including any successor agreements to the Assumed Contracts which are entered into by such Seller with respect to the Business prior to the Closing Date (the “Contract Rights”);
(d) Cash in an amount, when all such payments made by Sellers are aggregated, equal to Ninety Seven Thousand Three Hundred Seventy-Four Dollars and 52/100 ($97,374.52) (“Prepaid Customer Funds” and, together with the Transferred Resources, Intellectual Property, and Contract Rights, the “Acquired Assets”), which amount represents prepaid but undelivered maintenance obligations under the Assumed Contracts with Bresnan (in an amount equal to $7,760); Xxxxxxxxxx (in an amount equal to $40,000); Westel (in an amount equal to $6,533); and Page One (in an amount equal to $43,081.52);
(e) All receivables and rights to payment arising with respect to customer services provided on or after the Effective Date or Software for periods on or following the Effective Date relating to any Acquired Assets;
(f) Copies of those books and records of such Seller directly related to the Acquired Assets, including invoices, purchase orders, and vendor and customer correspondence; and
(g) All goodwill and other intangible assets associated with the foregoing; in each case wherever located, but specifically excluding those assets described in Section 1.2.
Assumed Business Names Borrower has filed or recorded all documents or filings required by law relating to all assumed business names used by Borrower. Excluding the name of Borrower, the following is a complete list of all assumed business names under which Borrower does business: None.
Purchase and Sale of the Purchased Assets Except as otherwise provided below, upon the terms and subject to the conditions of this Agreement, Buyer agrees to purchase from Seller and the Retained Subsidiaries, and Seller agrees to, and to cause the Retained Subsidiaries to, sell, convey, transfer, assign and deliver, or cause to be sold, conveyed, transferred, assigned and delivered, to Buyer at the Closing, free and clear of any Liens other than Permitted Liens, all of Seller’s and the Retained Subsidiaries’ right, title and interest in, to and under the assets, properties and business, of every kind and description, owned, used or held for use primarily in the conduct of the Business by Seller or any of the Retained Subsidiaries (but, for the avoidance of doubt, excluding any Excluded Assets or assets and properties of any Purchased Subsidiary) (the “Purchased Assets”), including all right, title and interest of Seller and the Retained Subsidiaries in, to and under the following Purchased Assets:
(a) the Owned Real Property, together with all buildings, fixtures and improvements erected thereon;
(b) all rights under the Leases with respect to the Leased Real Property;
(i) all tangible personal property and interests therein, including machinery, equipment, furniture, office equipment, communications equipment, vehicles, storage tanks, spare and replacement parts, fuel and other tangible property (including all interests in personal property underlying capital leases) located at the Real Property and held for use primarily in the conduct of the Business and (ii) those assets of Seller related primarily to the Business that are located at its Corporate Technology Center facility located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which are listed on Schedule 2.02(c);
(d) all raw materials, work-in-process, finished goods, supplies and other inventories used or held for use primarily in the conduct of the Business (collectively, the “Inventory”);
(e) all rights under all Contracts (other than the Leases) used or held for use primarily in the conduct of the Business, including those listed in Schedule 2.02(e) (the “Purchased Contracts”);
(f) all rights, claims, credits, causes of action or rights of set-off against third parties relating to or arising from the Purchased Assets or the Assumed Liabilities, including unliquidated rights under manufacturers’ and vendors’ warranties;
(g) all trade accounts receivable and other receivables (collectively, the “Accounts Receivable”) to the extent arising out of the Business;
(h) all prepaid assets to the extent arising out of the Business;
(i) all Business Intellectual Property Rights other than Business Intellectual Property Rights owned by the Purchased Subsidiaries;
(j) all Permits that are necessary to the operation of the Business; and
(k) Business Records relating primarily to the Business.
Liabilities Assumed by Assuming Institution The Assuming Institution expressly assumes at Book Value (subject to adjustment pursuant to Article VIII) and agrees to pay, perform, and discharge all of the following liabilities of the Failed Bank as of Bank Closing, except as otherwise provided in this Agreement (such liabilities referred to as "Liabilities Assumed"):
(a) Assumed Deposits, except those Deposits specifically listed on Schedule 2.1(a); provided, that as to any Deposits of public money which are Assumed Deposits, the Assuming Institution agrees to properly secure such Deposits with such Assets as appropriate which, prior to Bank Closing, were pledged as security by the Failed Bank, or with assets of the Assuming Institution, if such securing Assets, if any, are insufficient to properly secure such Deposits;
(b) liabilities for indebtedness secured by mortgages, deeds of trust, chattel mortgages, security interests or other liens on or affecting any Assets, if any; provided, that the assumption of any liability pursuant to this paragraph shall be limited to the market value of the Assets securing such liability as determined by the Receiver;
(c) borrowings from Federal Reserve Banks and Federal Home Loan Banks, if any, provided, that the assumption of any liability pursuant to this paragraph shall be limited to the market value of the assets securing such liability as determined by the Receiver; and overdrafts, debit balances, service charges, reclamations, and adjustments to accounts with the Federal Reserve Banks as reflected on the books and records of any such Federal Reserve Bank within ninety (90) days after Bank Closing, if any;
(d) ad valorem taxes applicable to any Asset, if any; provided, that the assumption of any ad valorem taxes pursuant to this paragraph shall be limited to an amount equal to the market value of the Asset to which such taxes apply as determined by the Receiver;
(e) liabilities, if any, for federal funds purchased, repurchase agreements and overdrafts in accounts maintained with other depository institutions (including any accrued and unpaid interest thereon computed to and including Bank Closing); provided, that the assumption of any liability pursuant to this paragraph shall be limited to the market value of the Assets securing such liability as determined by the Receiver;
(f) United States Treasury tax and loan note option accounts, if any;
(g) liabilities for any acceptance or commercial letter of credit (including any "standby letters of credit" as defined in 12 C.F.R. Section 337.2(a) issued on the behalf of any Obligor of a Loan acquired hereunder by the Assuming Institution, but excluding any other standby letters of credit); provided, that the assumption of any liability pursuant to this paragraph shall be limited to the market value of the Assets securing such liability as determined by the Receiver;
(h) duties and obligations assumed pursuant to this Agreement including without limitation those relating to the Failed Bank's Records, credit card business, overdraft protection plans, safe deposit business, safekeeping business or trust business, if any;
(i) liabilities, if any, for Commitments;
(j) liabilities, if any, for amounts owed to any Subsidiary of the Failed Bank acquired under Section 3.1;
(k) liabilities, if any, with respect to Qualified Financial Contracts;
(l) duties and obligations under any contract pursuant to which the Failed Bank provides mortgage servicing for others, or mortgage servicing is provided to the Failed Bank by others, including (i) any seller obligations, including seller origination; and repurchase obligations, and (ii) any government sponsored enterprise (“GSE”) seller or servicer obligations, provided that, if the Assuming Institution is not an approved GSE servicer, or does not intend or is unable to become an approved GSE servicer, the Assuming Institution will cooperate with Receiver and the GSE to effect the transfer of any such servicing obligations to a GSE approved servicer; and
(m) all asset-related offensive litigation liabilities and all asset-related defensive litigation liabilities, but only to the extent such liabilities relate to assets subject to a shared-loss agreement, and provided that all other defensive litigation and any class actions with respect to credit card business are retained by the Receiver. Schedule 2.1 attached hereto and incorporated herein sets forth certain categories of Liabilities Assumed and the aggregate Book Value of the Liabilities Assumed in such categories. Such schedule is based upon the best information available to the Receiver and may be adjusted as provided in Article VIII.
