S3). The RS and RL indices for taxa with relative abundance > 0.1% were calculated for both AOA and AOB using the var- iation of relative abundance among groups. For AOA, the Nitrososphaera subcluster 4, 1, and 8 had higher RS indices (0.53–0.75), while the Nitrosopumilus and Nitrososphaera cluster 2 had very low or negative RS values (Fig. 7). Similarly, among the AOB, three clusters (Nitrosospira cluster 3a, 3b, and Nitrosomonas europaea/Nitrosococcus mobilis cluster) showed higher RS indices (0.42–0.81), while the other two AOB clusters had lower RS values (Fig. 7). With the exception of Nitrososphaera subcluster 4 and Nitrosotalea, both AOA and AOB clusters with higher RS indices showed lower RL values and vice versa. RDA was performed to evaluate the relationships of the dom- inant AOA and AOB taxa (relative abundance > 0.1%) with soil properties (Fig. 8). The measured soil variables explained 56.3 and 49.4% of the total variance on the key taxa distribution for AOA and AOB, respectively. Among the soil variables, NH + (pseudo F = 9.4, P = 0.001; pseudo F = 4.5, P = 0.002, respec- tively) and Fe2+/Fe3+ (pseudo F = 5.9, P = 0.002; pseudo F = 2.7, P = 0.038, respectively) had the highest explanatory power. For AOA, soil NH + and Fe2+/Fe3+ were mainly positively correlated with the Nitrosopumilus cluster. The two most abundant AOA taxa of Nitrososphaera subclusters 4 and 8 showed negative correlations with soil pH, which explained 12.9% of the distri- bution (pseudo F = 2.7, P = 0.055). For AOB, soil NH + and Fe2+/Fe3+ were negatively correlated with the dominant taxon Nitrosospira cluster 3a and positively correlated with Nitrosomonas europaea/Nitrosococcus mobilis cluster. Discussion Faster Recovery of AOA than AOB In this study, the recovery of AOA and AOB after disturbance was assessed with respect to gene abundance, community di- versity, and composition. In general, the AOA showed higher ability to recover from flooding than AOB. Disturbance by flooding exhibited a predictable negative ef- fect on both AOA and AOB abundance. However, the abun- dance of AOA and AOB showed a tendency to return back to pre-disturbance levels after the flooding receded. It was notewor- thy that a significant increase of AOA abundance in the recovery group was observed comparing with the flooding group. This was not observed for AOB, suggesting a better recovery of AOA abundance. Unlike the negative effect on gene abundance, the flooding increased the alpha-diversity. The hi...
S3). XA0FK% 125605004% A fragility fracture is any clinically apparent fracture sustained as a result of low trauma or lesser force such as a fall from a standing height. It includes vertebral fractures but usually not fractures of the skull or bones of the hand or feet. The site of the fracture does not need to be captured for the purpose of the DES, though it would be good record keeping practice to do so. It is suggested that in addition to recording the type and site of any fracture, an additional code should be used to indicate that the fracture is a fragility fracture. The recommended codes are: Read v2 Read CTV3 Snomed-CT Fragility fracture N331N XaNSP 306171000000106 DEXA scanning The audit for the first two criteria will also require that appropriate codes have been recorded to indicate that a DEXA scan has been referred and performed (criterion 1 requires a referral for a scan and criterion 2 requires that the scan has been performed), and whether or not this was positive. Recognising that it may take time to obtain a DEXA scan, the audit should be done at the end of the first quarter, i.e. 30 June 2012. The search should exclude DEXA scans performed prior to 1 April 2011. The suggested codes for DEXA scanning are: Read v2 Read CTV3 Snomed-CT Forearm DXA scan T score 58E2. XaITK 391058006 Forearm DXA scan result osteoporotic 58E4. XaITM 391060008 Heel DXA scan T score 58E8. XaITP 391063005 Heel DXA scan result osteoporotic 58EA. XaITR 391065003 Hip DXA scan T score 58EE. XaITU 391068001 Hip DXA scan result osteoporotic 58EG. XaITW 391070005 Lumbar spine DXA 58EK. XaITZ 391073007 scan T score Lumbar DXA scan result osteoporotic 58EM. XaITb 391075000 Femoral neck DEXA scan T score 58ES. XaPDy 440050006 Femoral neck DEXA scan result osteoporotic 58EV. XaPE2 440100002 DEXA scan T score 58EP. XaP6z 440035002 Practices will probably wish to standardise their coding on the basis of the type of DEXA scan performed in their area and in order to simplify the final audit queries. Treatment with bone-sparing agents Finally, in compiling the audit queries for the last two criteria, practices will need to identify how many patients have been prescribed bone-sparing agents at 30 June 2011 for criterion 2 and at 31 March 2011 for criterion 3. The following codes will pick up drugs which are indicated and licensed for the treatment of osteoporosis: Read v2 Read CTV3 Snomed-CT Disodium etidronate fo1..% fo1..% 96284009% Alendronic acid fo4..% fo4..% 421552005% Risedron...
