Techniques used for measuring Sample Clauses

Techniques used for measuring vascular calcification A number of non-invasive imaging techniques are now available to detect and quantify VC. Plain radiographs of the abdomen and extremities are used to identify macroscopic calcifications of the aorta and peripheral arteries [311-313]. Techniques such as echocardiography and 2-dimensional ultrasound are reliable and widely utilised methods for the assessment of valvular calcification [314, 315], and calcification of the carotid arteries, femoral arteries and aorta [316]. Computed tomography is considered to be the ‘gold-standard’ for qualitative and quantitative assessment of coronary and aortic calcification (AC), and is a useful method of monitoring the progression and effects of therapeutic strategies aimed at modifying the progression of calcification [317, 318]. Although these imaging techniques are able to detect and quantify VC it is important to highlight a substantial limitation - that none of the techniques described are able to accurately differentiate between medial (arteriosclerotic) and intimal (atherosclerotic) calcification. For example, medial calcification is associated with arteriosclerosis which is characterised by the thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the arterial wall, whereas intimal calcification is associated with atherosclerosis and is characterised by the development of fatty plaques that subsequently obstruct the arterial lumen; It is likely that the quantification of VC using the imaging methods described will result with the measurement of either intimal or medial calcification or in some instances both types where present.
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