Thermodynamics.Β Basic concepts, First and Second Law of Thermodynamics, properties and phase changes of pure substances, ideal gases, energy analysis of closed and open systems, enthalpy, entropy, reversibility, and Carnot and gas power cycles. Circuits I (with lab). Physical principles underlying circuit element models. Resistive circuits, Xxxxxxxxx'x laws, independent and dependent sources, node-voltage and mesh-current methods, op-amps, inductors, and capacitors. First- and second-order circuits. Diodes, BJTs, FETs, and elementary amplifiers. Experiments with simple circuits and electronics. Familiarization with measurement tools and equipment.
Thermodynamics.Β 1.2.16 Non-linear physics
Thermodynamics.Β β For each process, changes in internal energy (U), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and Xxxxx free energy (G) are calculated. In addition the zero-point energy (ZPE) is calculated. More details behind the derivation of the different formulae can be found in for instance the book by XxXxxxxxx and Simon1. For a temperature T = 0 K the following expression fully describes the energetics and thermodynamics of the system (neglecting configurational entropy): π = π» = πΊ = πΈππ + πΈπππΈ with Eel and EZPE defined in the previous section. For all temperatures T > 0 K expressions for the different quantities are given below. The internal energy is calculated from electronic and vibrational contributions (and also rotational and translational contributions for gas phase species): ππ ππππ = πππ + ππ£ππ
ThermodynamicsΒ
