Verbal suggestions on likelihood of substance Sample Clauses

Verbal suggestions on likelihood of substance taken Nine studies manipulated suggestions about the likelihood that an exposure would occur (see Table 2-6). All studies were of higher quality with four finding significant effects and five finding non-significant effects. In other words, there was mixed evidence for the role of likelihood suggestions in nocebo effects. The studies used a mixture of conditions in which participants were either told they would receive an active exposure (deception), might receive an active or inactive exposure (double- blind), would receive an inactive exposure (open) or nothing (control). Five of the studies found no significant main effects (Xxxxx, Xxxxxx, et al., 2005; Xxxxx et al., 2006; Xxxxxx et al., 2005; Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, & Xxxxx, 2002) including Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx (2009) exp 1. Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, and Xxxxxx (2011) however found that participants reported significantly more side effects in response to a sham pill when given deceptive information, compared to double-blind or control information. In addition, participants given deceptive or double-blind suggestions had a significantly higher increase in alertness following ingestion of sham coffee (Xxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 1988) and a significantly higher number of adverse events following a sham weight loss supplement (Xxxxxxx et al., 2014) than participants in the control condition. For Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxx, and Xxxxxx (2001) participants told they would receive an inactive exposure scored higher on general wellbeing than those who received no substance or instruction. Table 2-4 The effect of type of administration manipulation on symptom development in response to an inert exposure. Reference and quality Study design Population (N, Mean age, %Male) Inert exposure Experimental conditions (n) Main effect on symptoms measured Interaction(s) with other risk factors Xxxxxxx et al. (1965) a,b,e Non RCT (B) Male veterans with schizophrenia (64, 44.0, 100.0) Sham arousal treatment a. Received sugar pill (32) b. Received saline injection (32) i. Reported symptoms identified through interviews (ns) ii. Reported drug effect identified through interviews (ns) iii. Xxxx activity (ns) Not assessed
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Related to Verbal suggestions on likelihood of substance

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