A Three-Part Chronology Sample Clauses

A Three-Part Chronology. The foregoing approximates to Farrant and Xxxx’s ‘three-wave’ taxonomy of LAWS development.140 According to the authors, ‘first-wave’ autonomous weapons are ‘point defence systems’,141 such as the Phalanx CIWS and the Patriot. As just mentioned, however, this thesis will classify these as ‘automated’ systems, whose predictability and simplicity of algorithms do not necessitate additional regulation, or any restatement of laws. ‘Second-wave’ systems are “exemplified by the spate of unmanned combat aerial vehicles currently under development”,142 the clearest examples being the Dassault nEUROn and the BAE Systems Taranis. These systems – which Xxxxxxx imagines as “a Predator drone [with] as much autonomy as a Google [driverless] car”143 – will operate on the wide-area loitering concept, and are of the kind that this thesis will address. As Farrant and Ford point out, however, second-wave systems are not limited to aerial vehicles, but will also include a range of ground-based144 and maritime145 autonomous systems, which will loiter or patrol over relatively narrower areas.146 Examining the development trajectory of these LAWS, Xxxxx explains there will be a‌ 139 Often, these systems can also be set to operate in supervised-autonomous mode, where there is a ‘man-on-the-loop’, ready to override the machine’s operation in the event of any unintended engagements. 140 Xxxxx Xxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxxxx X. Xxxx, ‘Autonomous Weapons and Weapons Reviews: The UK Second International Weapon Review Forum’ (2017) 93 International Law Studies 389. 141 Ibid., 396. That is, they select and engage incoming threats from a single location, and are designed to protect a particular object, like a warship or a forward-operating base. 142 Ibid. 143 Xxxxxxx (n 13). 144 US Army, Robotic and Autonomous Systems Strategy (US Army Training & Doctrine Command, March 2017); Xxxxxxx Xxx, ‘Army Eyes Autonomous Convoys to Prevent Future Casualties’, Xxxxxxxx.xxx (1 May 2018) <xxxxx://xxx.xxxxxxxx.xxx/dodbuzz/2018/05/01/army-eyes-autonomous- convoys-prevent-future-casualties.html> accessed 10 May 2018 (explaining that the US Army’s new modernisation strategy is to develop teams of manned and unmanned ground combat vehicles, specifically to give commanders the option of autonomous attack to reduce friendly casualties). 145 UNIDIR, ‘The Weaponization of Increasingly Autonomous Technologies in the Maritime Environment: Testing the Waters’, UNIDIR Resources, No. 4 (2015) <xxxx://xxx.xxxxxx.xxx/files/...
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