CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AMIDES, AND ESTERS Sample Clauses

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AMIDES, AND ESTERS. Carboxylic acid is an organic acid with the general structure of RCO2H and the carboxyl group (−CO2H) as the functional group. They are primarily identified by spectroscopic and solubility test. Hence, carboxylic acids can be detected by their solubility in 5% NaOH solution as well as in the weakly basic 5% NaHCO3 solution. However, it is also worth noticing that sulphonic acid and several derivative phenols like 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol are also soluble in 5% NaHCO3 solution. There are also a few chemical tests that can be used to confirm the presence of a carboxyl group. Carboxylic acids react with sodium bicarbonate solution to produce the carboxylate anion and carbon dioxide gas. Another test for carboxylic acid involves esterification reaction of carboxylic acids which give a sweet-smelling ester as the product shown below. Esters are carboxylic acid derivatives which characteristically have a sweet, fruity smell. The presence of an ester group can be tested by reacting it with hydroxlamine to give an alcohol and hydroxamic acid, which when treated with ferric chloride gives characteristic a burgundy or magenta ferric hydroxamate complex. Esters can also be cleaved by hydroiodic acid to produce alkyl iodide and carboxylic acid. The alkyl iodide produced can be treated with mercuric nitrate to yield an orange-colored mercuric iodide. Another carboxylic acid derivative is amide. Like esters, amides react with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to form hydroxamic acid which react with ferric chloride to form the magenta colored ferric hydroxamate. Amides can also be hydrolyzed to produce the carboxylate salt and ammonia or amine. The presence of ammonia or low molecular weight amine can be detected using litmus paper.
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