Cerebral Hemodynamics and Cerebral Sample Clauses

Cerebral Hemodynamics and Cerebral. Autoregulation (CA) in Health and Disease Brain is one of the biggest and most complex organs in human which has a high metabolic demand. Maintenance of its normal functions requires the delivery of oxygen and glucose and the clearance of metabolic wastes through cerebral blood flow (CBF) that accounts for ~14% of the cardiac output (i.e., volume of the blood flow pumped out from heart) [1]. To keep CBF stable during blood pressure fluctuations, cerebral vasculatures are regulated by means of myogenic, neurogenic, and metabolic mechanisms; the so-called cerebral autoregulation (CA) [2, 3]. It is known that capillary membrane in cerebral microvasculature is the place where exchanges of nutrition and wastes occur. Therefore, adequate CBF and cerebral oxygenation as well as intact CA in cerebral microvasculature are critical in maintaining normal brain functions. Many people suffering cerebral, cardiovascular or respiratory diseases are usually associated with abnormal cerebral microvasculature, cerebral hypoxia, and impaired CA. For example, more than 795,000 people in U.S. have stroke every year [4], and tissue hypoxia resulting from the ischemic stroke may damage cerebral microvasculature [5] and impair CA [6]. About 93,000 patients with carotid artery stenosis underwent carotid endarterectomy surgeries in 2009 to prevent stoke [4]. Limited CBF caused by the carotid artery stenosis may lead to impaired CA [7, 8]. Another example is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) that affects about 15 million American adults [9, 10]. OSA increases the risk of stroke significantly [11] and may result in neurocognitive deficits (e.g., impairments in memory, attention, executive functions and constructional abilities) [12] and CA impairment [13].
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