Clinical presentations of PD Sample Clauses

Clinical presentations of PD. Parkinsonism refers to the syndrome rather than a single disease and is defined as any combination of six specific, independent motor features: resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, loss of postural reflexes, flexed posture, and freezing. Tremor must be present and accompanied by at least one other symptom to qualify for the diagnosis of Parkinsonism (93). Xxxxxxxxx disease (PD), or primary parkinsonism, is one of the four classes of parkinsonism and refers to parkinsonism arising from unknown causes. The other three classes of parkinsonism are secondary parkinsonism, which is caused by known insults to the brain (drugs, toxins, brain tumor, vascular diseases, or encephalitis); parkinsonism-plus syndromes, which are associated with other motoric neurological features (progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, diffuse Lewy body disease, parkinson–dementia, ALS complex of Guam, and progressive pallidal atrophy); and heredodegenerative disorders which affects multiple brain regions (Alzheimer’s disease, Xxxxxx disease, Huntington disease, frontotemporal dementia on chromosome 17, and X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism) (93). In addition to the core basal ganglia symptoms, PD patients also present with non-motor symptoms such as loss of smell sensation, weak muscle tone, soft speech, digestive problems, mood swing, and sleep disorder. However, these symptoms are easily overlooked and attributed to the natural course of aging (7) . Moreover, the relevance of these symptoms to the progression of PD remains to be investigated. Dementia occurs in about 10-15% of PD cases, usually in the more advanced stages (7). The mean duration of PD is variable, but has been reported to be about 15 years from diagnosis to death (193).
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