Epidemiology of PD Sample Clauses

Epidemiology of PD. The prevalence of PD in industrialized countries is 1% of the population over 60 years and 5% in people over 85 years (186). Developed countries appear to have higher incidence of PD, perhaps due to the ageing of the population. No apparent difference in incidence of PD has been reported among various ethnic populations, suggesting no higher risks correlated to any particular ethnic group. Besides ageing, both genetic and environmental factors are believed to contribute to the progression of PD. The majority of PD cases are idiopathic and believed to be caused by unidentified environmental risk factors. This is supported by the findings that PD incidence was not different between monozygotic and dizygotic twins (337) and several pesticides can induce parkinsonism in animal models. Since PD may take decades to develop and early symptoms are normally unnoticed or misinterpreted, identifying environmental causes remains challenging. Nevertheless, several environmental, occupational, and life-style factors have been linked to PD. Pesticide exposure has been associated with higher incidences of PD (16,89,99,283), but most epidemiological studies are case-control studies that cannot provide strong evidence of a causal-relationship between pesticide exposure and PD (89,99,283). There are a few prospective studies that investigated whether pesticide exposure increases risks of PD (16,18,277). One study did not report significant association between pesticide exposure and PD (277), while the other found that pesticide exposure increases PD risk in men but not in women (18). A third study, using a larger cohort group with 140,000 subjects, reported that exposure to pesticides is associated with 70% higher incidence of PD, suggesting that pesticide exposure is a risk factor (16). The same study reported that farmers not exposed to pesticides are not at higher risk of PD, indicating a direct role of pesticide exposure in PD pathogenesis (16). A large variety of pesticides persist in the environment and because people do not usually know or remember the one(s) to which they have been exposed, it is difficult to estimate the contribution of a single pesticide to the development of PD (132). Despite the existence of several well-characterized animal models of pesticide - induced parkinsonism, the exact contribution of pesticide exposure to human PD incidence remains unclear (132). Besides environmental factors such as pesticide exposure, some lifestyle factors have also ...
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