Control of Invasive Mussels Sample Clauses

Control of Invasive Mussels. Preventing the infestation of invasive mussels in a region through education, regulations, and monitoring is considered less costly than trying to manage the presences of mussels. However, if invasive mussels become established, control options include the use mechanical, biological, and chemical methods. Of these, chemical control is likely the most practical option for the large- scale, irrigation conveyance system in Alberta. Potential chemical treatments include oxidizing chemicals (chlorine, chloride dioxide, chloramines, ozone, bromine, hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate, ferrate) and non- oxidizing chemicals (molluscicides, biobullets, ammonium nitrate, copper ions, potassium salts, sodium metabisulfite, flocculation, salinity, and pH adjustment) (Mackie and Claudi 2010). Currently, there are no registered chemical products for the control of mussels in Canada. The successful application of a chemical treatment requires a treatment strategy including several aspects such as correct timing, frequency, concentration, and application method. The available options for chemical treatment methods were evaluated for practicality, effectiveness, product availability, cost, environmental risk, and health and safety. Based on this evaluation, it was determined that potassium chloride (KCl) in the form of commercial potash may be the best option under Alberta conditions. Potassium (K+) can be highly toxic to mussels, has low implications to crops and water quality, economical availability, and it has been used successfully in other jurisdictions. Evidence suggests K+ kills zebra mussels by interfering with xxxx respiration and it is a presumed anesthetic as it can prevent the defense response of shell valve closure (Mackie and Claudi 2010; Xxxxx and Xxxxxx 2015). The K+ interacts with the xxxx epithelium cells resulting in depolarization of the membranes, and this results in the impairment of cell volume regulation, cellular vacuolation, and ultimately, disruption of the tissue and death (Xxxxxx et al. 1991). Previous studies into the use of K+ to control invasive mussels have used 100 mg L-1 of K+ for 48 h, at an ambient temperature >15°C resulted in mortality of adult zebra mussels and juvenile veligers (Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx 2000). The effects of chemical control options on invasive mussels has been shown to vary dependent upon water temperature, pH, and water hardness (Xxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx 2000). However, for the purpose of the current research p...
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