Literature Review. A-E shall conduct a literature review to determine which species have been identified as special status by state, federal, and local resources agencies and organizations, and have a potential to occur on the project site or in the immediate vicinity. Sources to be reviewed include: (1) special status species lists from the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and California Native Plant Society (CNPS); (2) database searches of the California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB) and the Electronic Inventory of the CNPS; (3) the most recent Federal Register listing package and critical habitat determination for each federally Endangered or Threatened species potentially occurring on the project site; (4) the CDFG Annual Report on the status of California’s listed Threatened and Endangered plants and animals; and (5) other biological studies conducted in the vicinity of the project site.
Literature Review electronic copies of any collected documents or notes
Literature Review. The study of conflict using experimental games Scholars wanting to study (group) conflict are faced with various difficulties. Real world conflict often is highly complex, involving complicated entanglements between participating individuals and environmental factors, leading to the challenge of controlling for confounding variables and establishing causal relationships. Additionally, conflicts involving violence are both rare and, due to their nature, hard to access for researchers, such that most field research has been conducted in specific contexts such as sports (e.g., Xxxxxxxxx, 2003) or organizations (e.g., Xxxxxxxxxxx, 1999). The experimental study of conflict using games of strategy can help to overcome some of these problems. Experimental games are stylized models of behavior, including clearly defined sets of players, decision strategies and pay-offs. If implemented experimentally they involve real interactions between participants, (often but not always) avoidance of deception, and, importantly, monetary incentives in order to render decisions making consequential. As with other experimental paradigms, experimental games allow researchers to test theoretical predictions about conflict without confounding effects and endogeneity issues. In addition, economic games offer some distinct advantages. Research on games originated from their theoretical study, in particular with the development of game theory (Xxx Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxxxxxxx, 2007). As such, there exists a comprehensive mathematical framework that allows researchers to analyze interactive situations and to make precise theoretical predictions for the behavior of rational players “in equilibrium”. Rationality implies that players have consistent preferences over a set of clearly defined choices and make decisions (even in the face of complexity) to maximize their own utility. While many assumptions underlying rational decision making have been called into question (Xxxxxxx, 1999), equilibrium predictions can nonetheless serve as useful benchmarks against which to compare observed behavior. In addition, most experimental games simplify real-life situations by abstracting from specific contextual details and attempt to model (only) the critical features of the phenomena under question. If done well, a game can therefore be used to transcend specific examples, capture their structural essence, and lead to a generalized understanding of the phenomena. Given these strengths, economic theory and ex...
Literature Review. A literature review is one component of a BLM class I inventory, as defined in BLM Manual Guidance 8100.21(A)(1), and is a professionally prepared study that includes a compilation and analysis of all reasonably available cultural resource data and literature, and a management-focused, interpretive, narrative overview, and synthesis of the data. The overview may also define regional research questions and treatment options.
Literature Review. Kuwait is a small country with massive oil reserves, whose economy has been traditionally dominated by the state and its oil industry. Kuwait’s citizens (86% employees) benefit from the generosity of welfare financed by oil revenues (52% of GDP in 2011, more than 95% of budgetary revenue) state. The country, which has the 6th oil reserves in the world, releases considerable surpluses ($ 47 billion for the fiscal year 2011-2012) that allow it to invest heavily abroad with some success (44 billion dollars IDE and $ 120 billion in investment portfolios over the period 2004-2010). The nominal GDP of the emirate, estimated at $ 177 billion for the 2011-2012 fiscal year, instead Kuwait 3rd largest country CEEAG tied with Qatar, behind Saudi Arabia ($ 560 billion) and the United Arab Emirates ($ 358 billion). GDP per capita ($ 46 495 in 2011) instead Kuwait 2nd highest in the GCC, behind Qatar30. Inflation remains at a reasonable level and controlled (2.9% on average in 2012, given the weight of imported foods). The balance of trade balance showed a surplus of nearly $ 58.8 billion for the 2011-2012 fiscal years (against just under $ 48 billion in 2010-2011). Because of its high sensitivity to the oil market, the global crisis has had a severe impact on the economy in 2009: GDP fell by 5.2%. But with the recovery in oil prices and increasing production, GDP is rising again in 2010 to reach $ 177 billion for the 2011-2012 fiscal year. Growth was 8.3% in 2011 and 6.3% in 2012. The economy remains poorly diversified despite government announcements of capital investment required for the development of the country. Implementation of the 2010-2014 quadrennial development of $ 127 billion was 28 Xxxxxxx, X. (1991), ‘The Design and Administration of E-mail Surveys’, Annual Reviews of Sociology, Vol. 17, pp. 225-249 29 Xxxxxxx, X. (2000), Research methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach, 3rd Edition. Xxxx Xxxxx and Sons Inc: Chichester. 30 Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, and Xxxxxx Xxxxxxxxx. "Economic growth and social indicators: an exploratory analysis." Economic Development and Cultural Change 46, no. 3 (1998): 455-489. passed in 2009. The implementation has been slow but the first major projects of 2010-2014 development plan was launched in the second half of 2011, marking a turning point in the economic life of Kuwait Hydrocarbon industries accounts for a great percentage of the Kuwaiti economy. Like most GCC countries that are greatly reliant on rents from hydrocarbon...
Literature Review. The BLM completed a records review and annotated bibliography of inventory related to Routes for the WEMO Plan Revision to assist in the development of NEPA alternatives. The BLM will conduct additional literature reviews in order to have current data in advance of subsequent cultural inventories and to ensure properly identified research themes for the development of the Evaluation Plan for Phase 6 of the Undertaking, and as described in Stipulation IV(vi)(f)(3). Additional literature reviews may include more extensive scholarly research to identify particular property types; such methods of identification may include but are not limited to ethnographic research; examination of old maps and surveyors’ reports; oral histories; interviews with Xxxxxx Xxxxxx; and examination of primary archival resources such as Mission Records and travelers’ diaries.
Literature Review. Malnutrition is a multifactorial problem in developing countries, some of which include poverty, food insecurity, poor access to health services and teenage pregnancies. In addition to this, a lack of education and culturally prevalent practices contribute significantly to the burden of malnutrition (Gragnolati, 2006). The dominant focus of current programs such as ICDS is food supplementation, which is at the expense of other important but frequently neglected aspects of improving child-care behaviour and educating parents on improving nutrition in their family. Additionally, little attention is given to micronutrient supplementation and disease prevention and control. Even though thoughtfully conceived, such skewed priorities render current programs such as ICDS, ineffective (Gragnolati, 2006). A research study conducted in the sub-Saharan Africa region concluded that cultural food practices rather than the frequently mentioned poverty and ignorance should be recognized as a vital etiology of malnutrition (Ogunjuyigbe, 2006). Prolonged and sustained efforts of improving the educational status of parents, especially mothers has been proven to decrease the incidence of malnutrition (Harnagle, 2013). Mothers are not able to effectively utilize available resources due to lack of knowledge of optimal feeding behaviours and inappropriate cultural feeding practices such as delaying breastfeeding, early termination of breastfeeding and early introduction of supplementary feeding (World Bank, 2015). Educational counselling provided to mothers during the child’s age of 6-12 months (window of opportunity to reverse malnutrition) along with improved hygiene practices has the potential to effectively combat malnutrition (Xxx, 2007). According to Xxxxx and Xxxxxx (2001), improvement in women’s educational status was responsible for an almost 43% reduction in malnutrition in developing countries in 1970-75. With an improvement in relative status coupled with education contributing to more than 50% of the decrease in malnutrition rates (Xxxxx, 2001). Although often an overlooked aspect of public health interventions, increased knowledge and skills gained through education improves the quality of day to day care the women provide to their children as well as enhance household security (IFPRI, 2003). With education and status comes the ability to influence household decisions and hence improve the nourishment of her children (IFPRI, 2003). According to the NFHS study done...
Literature Review. Report No. UMTRI-2015-5. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Kostyniuk, L.P., Blower, D., Xxxxxx, X.X., Xxx, X.X., St. Louis, R.M., & Zanier, N. (2014). Evaluation of the Michigan TACT Program. Report No. UMTRI-20014-24. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute. Xxx, X.X., Xxxxxx, X.X., Xxxxxxxxx, X.X., St. Louis, R.M., Zanier, N., & Xxxxxxxxx, J. (2014). Feasibility, Health Impacts, and Perceptions of Lowering the BAC Standard in the US: Final Report. Atlanta., GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Xxx, X.X., Xxxxxx, X.X., Xxxxxxxxx, X.X., St. Louis, R.M., & Zanier, N. (2014). Feasibility, Health Benefits, and Perceptions of Lowering the BAC Standard in the US: Interim Report. Atlanta., GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Xxxxxx, X.X., Xxx, X.X., Zanier, N., Kostyniuk, L.P. & St. Louis, R. (2014). Phase 1 Final Report. Lansing, MI: Michigan Department of Transportation. Project Deliverable. Xxxxxx, X.X., Xxx, X.X., St. Xxxxx, R., Zanier, N., & Kostyniuk, L.P. (2014). Analysis of Existing Education and Intervention Strategy Models. Lansing, MI: Michigan Department of Transportation. Project Deliverable. Xxx, X.X., Xxxxxx, X.X., Xxxxxxxxx, A., Green, L., Green, P.A., Xxxxxxx, S., & Xxxxx, F. (under review). Increasing Belt Use Among Part-Time Users: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Report No. DOT HS 810 XXX. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation.
Literature Review. This research sits at the intersection of criminological accounts of state violence and political violence, investigations of nation-building processes, studies of nationalism and associated commemorative practices, and critical approaches to transitional justice. This research is situated between these literature clusters in order to locate the End within the context of social relations and methods of governance in Sri Lanka. This approach necessitated an exploration of the relevant historical, socio-economic, political and cultural structures. This thesis aims to contribute to a growing literature base that combines political and institutional analysis with an interrogation of state violence and atrocity, the cultural foundations of power relations, and processes of militarisation and minority subjugation that operate in the service of Sinhala-Buddhist nationalism in Sri Lanka (de Xxx, 2007, 2012; de Xxx and Uyangoda, 2012; xx Xxxxx, 2007; Thiranagama, 2011, 2013; Bartholomeusz and xx Xxxxx, 1998; Ismail and Jegananthan, 1995). State crime was a central resource for my methodological approach (Green and Xxxx, 2006). The 9/11 attacks and the attendant extensions and abuses of state power have been a catalyst for “investments in the potential of human rights” by criminologists (Xxxxxx and Xxxxxx, 2013). Criminological research has become a component of an agenda of activism, litigation and scholarship in response to the ‘War on Terror’. State crime, a scholarship within the field that has long connected with human rights, engages with human rights reports as documentary evidence of state violence and victimhood, seeking “to expose violations when they occur” (Xxxxxxx, 2007: 190). Green and Xxxx (2004) define state crime as “state organised deviance involving the violation of human rights.” While human rights resources are relied upon, state crime includes critiques of the limiting, legalistic and hegemonic nature of rights regimes (Xxxxx, 1996; Xxxxxx and Xxxxxx, 2013). Analysis and reports by non-governmental organisations (NGOs), human rights organisations and the United Nations (UN) represented one primary source of information on the End in 2009, outside of the information provided by the government of Sri Lanka itself. XxXxxxxx (1984) would categorise these reports as an “alternative view”, outside of the state’s monopoly on coercive forces and control of the media. In 2012, the UN produced a self-critical report on its actions in Sri Lanka at the End...
Literature Review. An in-depth review of tipping point literature is presented in COACCH D1.2 Knowledge synthesis and gap analysis. Here, we restrict ourselves to a short recap of main bodies of scientific research, to prepare the reader for the tipping point definitions in section
