Deficits in Response Inhibition in ADHD Sample Clauses

Deficits in Response Inhibition in ADHD. Functional MRI studies have revealed that activation within the right IFG increases at the point of inhibitory control when compared to baseline response. However, studies differ with regard to the whether the association of ADHD symptoms and IFG activation is positive or negative during successful inhibition (i.e. whether the right IFG is hyper- or hypo-activated during response inhibition). A few studies provide evidence of reduced activation in the inferior frontal gyrus in ADHD during successful response inhibition. Xxxxx and colleagues performed a functional MRI study of response inhibition in a sample of 16 male medication-naïve adolescents with ADHD and 21 matched controls (9-16 years) (Xxxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxxxx, 2005). The authors used the SST to determine whether the IFG is hyper- or hypo-activated in ADHD patients. Results suggested that the IFG of ADHD patients was hypoactivated during inhibition Stop trials compared to the IFG of healthy controls. Xxxxx and colleagues also showed that this hypoactivation was specific to ADHD as it did not occur amongst individuals suffering from conduct disorder (Xxxxx et al., 2008). However, others have found that ADHD patients show a hyperactivation of the inferior frontal gyrus during successful inhibition. Using a Go/No Go task, Xxxxxxx and colleagues showed that adolescents with childhood ADHD (n = 10) showed significantly higher activation of the IFG compared to adolescents with no history of ADHD (n = 9) (Xxxxxx et al., 2004). These findings were supported by Xxxxxxx and colleagues who investigated cortical responses to the SST in 17 children with ADHD and 15 healthy control subjects (9-15 years) (Xxxxxxx et al., 2006). The study suggested that the ADHD patients activated the IFG more on Stop trials relative to healthy controls. The discrepancies may result from differences in treatment amongst participants as the study by Xxxxx and colleagues used only medication naïve participants, whereas participants in the other two studies had a history of long-term treatment with stimulants (Rubia, et al., 2005). The first, and to-date, only study to investigate reward processing and response inhibition in the same participant group, was recently presented by Xxxxxxx and colleagues (Xxxxxxx, et al., 2011). In order to test the dual-pathway model, this study used an intrasubject design to assess whether adults with ADHD exhibited neurological disturbances during response inhibition, reward anticipation...
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