Endothelial cells Sample Clauses

Endothelial cells. Common to all vessels of the vasculature is the endothelium, which is a single layered sheet of squamous, polarised cells that are primarily responsible for all signalling and transportation from blood to tissue and vice versa (Cines et al. 1998). Different types of endothelial cells have been isolated and cultured to understand the biology and pathobiology of the vasculature and the angiogenic response (Xxxxxx et al. 2010). The cells most widely used in in vitro studies are isolated from human umbilical vein, HUVEC, which show a characteristic cobblestone shape when cultured. HUVEC are the most extensively studied endothelial cell type, primarily because they are relatively easy to isolate and culture (Xxxxxx et al. 2010). In vivo, angiogenesis is mediated by the microvasculature and the angiogenic response of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC), which has been suggested to be stronger than that of HUVEC because of differing expression of matrix metalloproteases (Xxxxxxx & Xxxxxx 1997). However, HMVEC are generally more fastidious in their culture requirements than HUVEC making long-term culture more challenging (Xxxxxx et al. 2010). Functional studies of endothelial cells have been carried out in culture, as endothelial cells cultured in the presence of an ECM organise themselves into tube-like structures (Xxxxxx et al. 2010). This response is seen as a mimic of natural endothelial behaviour during angiogenesis, and as such has been used as a simple in vitro angiogenesis assay (Xxxxxx et al. 2010). As expected for endothelial cells, low passage HUVEC form tube-like structures when cultured on top of gels formed by ECM proteins such as collagen-1 or Matrigel (Xxxxx et al. 2002). However, such studies have not been reported for microvascular endothelial cells, although these cells are directly involved in angiogenesis (Xxxxxx et al. 2010). While endothelial cells in vivo are normally quiescent, cultured endothelial cells are maintained in an artificially activated state characterised by extensive proliferation (Xxxxxxx & El Xxxxxx 2004). Airway endothelial cells are a source of chemokines that may contribute to the recruitment and the activation of basophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes into the airways (Xxxxxxx & El Xxxxxx 2004).
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