Common use of Forest Health Clause in Contracts

Forest Health. A variety of insects and diseases occur naturally in the forests of the BLCF (Table 8). Table 9 shows the ranking of pest species by potential impact on forest management within the Xxxxxx Forest District. The incidence and level of endemic activity is often higher in mature stands. Table 8 – Common Pests and Diseases of the BLCF Type Pest Susceptible tree species Insects Bark beetles and borers Spruce bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) Western balsam bark beetle (Dryocoetes confuses) Sx Pli Bl Tissue feeders Spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) Pine terminal weevil (Pissodes terminalis) Engraver beetles (Ips spp.) Sx Pli Pli Diseases Root diseases Rhizina root disease (Rhizina undulata ) Tomentosus root disease (Inonotus tomentosus) Xxxxxx’x root collar weevil (Hylobius warreni) Seedlings Conifers Pli, Sx seedlings Stem rusts Comandra Blister Rust (Cronartium comandrae) Stalactiform Blister Rust (Cronartium coleosporiodez) Western Xxxx Xxxx (Endocronartium harknessii) Pli Butt rots Fomitopsis pinicola Phaeolus schweinitzii conifiers Foliar Diseases Dothistroma needle blight (Dothistroma) Phaeoseptoria contortae Lophodermella concolor Rhizosphaera kaukhoffii Fireweed rust (Pucciniastrum epilobii) Pli Pli Pli Sx true firs Others Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) Mammal damage Pli All seedlings Table 9 - Ranking of Pest Species by Potential Impact on Forest Management in the Xxxxxx District23 Very High High Medium Low Very Low Spruce bark beetle Mountain pine beetle Tomentosus root disease Mammal damage Rhizina root disease Western balsam bark beetle (Xxxxxx TSA) Xxxxxx’x root collar weevil (Lakes TSA) Xxxxxx’x root collar weevil (Xxxxxx TSA) Spruce leader weevil Hard pine stem rusts Various insect defoliators (Xxxxxx TSA) Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe Various insect defoliators (Lakes TSA) Various foliar diseases of conifers Pine terminal weevil (Lakes TSA) Butt rot Western Balsam bark beetle (Lakes TSA) Pityophthorus spp Dothistroma Spruce bark beetle attack of mature Sx stands was problematic on the Community Forest in early 2000. Small patch sanitation and pheromone baiting was used. This problem subsided somewhat since, but provincial data shows higher numbers of spruce bark beetle in 2014 and 2015. There are currently a few scattered areas of spruce bark beetle in the Boer Mountain area. 23 Ranking of pest species updated through personal communication with Xxxxxx Xxxxx, Silviculture Specialist, Xxxxxx District. January 2016. It is not possible, nor is it desirable, to eradicate pests from the forest. The strategy will be to attempt to maintain pests at endemic levels by preventing the conditions that favour build-up and spread. Measures to prevent epidemic conditions, or control epidemics if they occur will include:  Prompt harvesting of windthrow and use pheromone attractants (spruce bark beetle) as required.  Salvage harvesting of bark beetle or other heavily damaged stands (pine and spruce bark beetle); minimize unsalvaged losses by harvesting beetle-killed trees through large- scale operations.  Reforestation with non-host and/or mixed species (hard pine rusts, root diseases, foliar diseases).

Forest Health. A variety of insects and diseases occur naturally in the forests of the BLCF (Table 8). Table 9 shows the ranking of pest species by potential impact on forest management within the Xxxxxx Forest District. The incidence and level of endemic activity is often higher in mature stands. Table 8 – Common Pests and Diseases of the BLCF Type Pest Susceptible tree species Insects Bark beetles and borers Spruce bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) Western balsam bark beetle (Dryocoetes confuses) Sx Pli Bl Tissue feeders Spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) Pine terminal weevil (Pissodes terminalis) Engraver beetles (Ips spp.) Sx Pli Pli Diseases Root diseases Rhizina root disease (Rhizina undulata ) Tomentosus root disease (Inonotus tomentosus) Xxxxxx’x root collar weevil (Hylobius warreni) Seedlings Conifers Pli, Sx seedlings Stem rusts Comandra Blister Rust (Cronartium comandrae) Stalactiform Blister Rust (Cronartium coleosporiodez) Western Xxxx Xxxx (Endocronartium harknessii) Pli Butt rots Fomitopsis pinicola Phaeolus schweinitzii conifiers Foliar Diseases Dothistroma needle blight (Dothistroma) Phaeoseptoria contortae Lophodermella concolor Rhizosphaera kaukhoffii Fireweed rust (Pucciniastrum epilobii) Pli Pli Pli Sx true firs Others Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) Mammal damage Pli All seedlings Table 9 - Ranking of Pest Species by Potential Impact on Forest Management in the Xxxxxx District23 District22 Very High High Medium Low Very Low Spruce bark beetle Mountain pine beetle Tomentosus root disease Mammal damage Rhizina root disease Western balsam bark beetle (Xxxxxx TSA) Xxxxxx’x root collar weevil (Lakes TSA) Xxxxxx’x root collar weevil (Xxxxxx TSA) Spruce leader weevil Hard pine stem rusts Various insect defoliators (Xxxxxx TSA) Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe Various insect defoliators (Lakes TSA) Various foliar diseases of conifers Pine terminal weevil (Lakes TSA) Butt rot Western Balsam bark beetle (Lakes TSA) Pityophthorus spp Dothistroma Spruce bark beetle attack of mature Sx stands was problematic on the Community Forest in early 2000. Small patch sanitation and pheromone baiting was used. This problem subsided somewhat since, but provincial data shows higher numbers of spruce bark beetle in 2014 and 2015. There are currently a few scattered areas of spruce bark beetle in the Boer Mountain area. 23 22 Ranking of pest species updated through personal communication with Xxxxxx Xxxxx, Silviculture Specialist, Xxxxxx District. January 2016. It is not possible, nor is it desirable, to eradicate pests from the forest. The strategy will be to attempt to maintain pests at endemic levels by preventing the conditions that favour build-up and spread. Measures to prevent epidemic conditions, or control epidemics if they occur will include:  Prompt harvesting of windthrow and use pheromone attractants (spruce bark beetle) as required.  Salvage harvesting of bark beetle or other heavily damaged stands (pine and spruce bark beetle); minimize unsalvaged losses by harvesting beetle-killed trees through large- scale operations.  Reforestation with non-host and/or mixed species (hard pine rusts, root diseases, foliar diseases).

Forest Health. A variety of insects and diseases occur naturally in the forests of the BLCF (Table 8). Table 9 shows the ranking of pest species by potential impact on forest management within the Xxxxxx Forest District. The incidence and level of endemic activity is often higher in mature stands. Table 8 – Common Pests and Diseases of the BLCF Type Pest Susceptible tree species Insects Bark beetles and borers Spruce bark beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) Mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) Western balsam bark beetle (Dryocoetes confuses) Sx Pli Bl Tissue feeders Spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) Pine terminal weevil (Pissodes terminalis) Engraver beetles (Ips spp.) Sx Pli Pli Diseases Root diseases Rhizina root disease (Rhizina undulata ) Tomentosus root disease (Inonotus tomentosus) Xxxxxx’x root collar weevil (Hylobius warreni) Seedlings Conifers Pli, Sx seedlings Stem rusts Comandra Blister Rust (Cronartium comandrae) Stalactiform Blister Rust (Cronartium coleosporiodez) Western Xxxx Xxxx (Endocronartium harknessii) Pli Butt rots Fomitopsis pinicola Phaeolus schweinitzii conifiers Foliar Diseases Dothistroma needle blight (Dothistroma) Phaeoseptoria contortae Lophodermella concolor Rhizosphaera kaukhoffii Fireweed rust (Pucciniastrum epilobii) Pli Pli Pli Sx true firs Others Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) Mammal damage Pli All seedlings Table 9 - Ranking of Pest Species by Potential Impact on Forest Management in the Xxxxxx District23 District22 Very High High Medium Low Very Low Spruce bark beetle Mountain pine beetle Tomentosus root disease Mammal damage Rhizina root disease Western balsam bark beetle (Xxxxxx TSA) Xxxxxx’x root collar weevil (Lakes TSA) Xxxxxx’x root collar weevil (Xxxxxx TSA) Spruce leader weevil Hard pine stem rusts Various insect defoliators (Xxxxxx TSA) Lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe Various insect defoliators (Lakes TSA) Various foliar diseases of conifers Pine terminal weevil (Lakes TSA) Butt rot Western Balsam bark beetle (Lakes TSA) Pityophthorus spp Dothistroma Spruce bark beetle attack of mature Sx stands was problematic on the Community Forest in early 2000. Small patch sanitation and pheromone baiting was used. This problem subsided somewhat since, but provincial data shows higher numbers of spruce bark beetle in 2014 and 2015. There are currently a few scattered areas of spruce bark beetle in the Boer Mountain area. 23 22 Ranking of pest species updated through personal communication with Xxxxxx Xxxxx, Silviculture Specialist, Xxxxxx District. January 2016. It is not possible, nor is it desirable, to eradicate pests from the forest. The strategy will be to attempt to maintain pests at endemic levels by preventing the conditions that favour build-up and spread. Measures to prevent epidemic conditions, or control epidemics if they occur will include:  • Prompt harvesting of windthrow and use pheromone attractants (spruce bark beetle) as required.  • Salvage harvesting of bark beetle or other heavily damaged stands (pine and spruce bark beetle); minimize unsalvaged losses by harvesting beetle-killed trees through large- scale operations.  • Reforestation with non-host and/or mixed species (hard pine rusts, root diseases, foliar diseases).