Grey infrastructures. Table 16 shows input from workshop participants related to resilience of grey infrastructures, clustered ex-post according to core resilience characteristics from literature. Grey infrastructures Literature / Stakeholder and researcher workshops Adaptability, How robust are infrastructures to last 80 years? How adaptable flexibility is the infrastructure in the future? Connectivity, feedbacks, safe failure Look at the whole system not just parts of it – interrelations Decentralised systems Infrastructure connectivity in case of extreme events Dependence on local ecosystems Diversity Location of critical parts of infrastructure Location of networks Learning, memory Historical data saving Rapidity, responsiveness Recovery of vital infrastructure Security of energy supply Redundancy, modularity Ensure diverse and redundant energy supply and distribution, including local, decentralised systems Resourcefulness Building code User-based approaches (the very first) Robustness Make infrastructures able to withstand excessive weather conditions using appropriate location, design, materials and detailing, and regular maintenance, e.g., spare storage capacity in sewage system before overflow into surface water; number and capacity of drains; ground permeability Prioritise vital infrastructures, e.g., railtrack materials (buckling etc.), metro vulnerability to floods, temperature level ICT datacentres can cope with Reconstruction of vulnerable structures Co-benefits, no/low regret measures Coordination of mitigation and adaptation Level of ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) Waste reduction as preventive measure for extreme events; recycling facilities; Pollution and consumption; Reuse and recycle – less dependency Annual energy imports, energy consumption and conservation; self-sufficiency; insulation density; renewables Demand side management, smart grids Greenhouse gas emissions
