Institutionalization of Knowledge Use in a Matrix Sample Clauses

Institutionalization of Knowledge Use in a Matrix. Since the beginning of the 1990s, the relationship between politics and science within institutional settings has been a focus of attention (Xxxxxxxxx, 2003; Xxxxx, 2005). In 1991, Xxxxxxxx introduced a matrix (Figure 1) which placed science and policy-making against a historical-institutionalist background. The matrix investigates two continuums: (1) whether scientists and policy-makers ‘understand’ each other or not, denoted as convergence or divergence between scientists and policy-makers, respectively, and (2) whether science or politics dominates the other. As regards the first continuum, the idea of divergent logistics between scientists and policy-makers recalls an older discussion of knowledge and knowl- edge use in public policy-making, which considered science and politics as two Figure 1. Knowledge use in policy-making processes (adapted from Xxxxx, 2005, p. 208; Xxxxxxxx, 1991, p. 341). Downloaded by [Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen] at 02:38 19 November 2013 different communities, using different terminologies, barely understanding and even barely speaking to each other (Xxxxxx, 1979). In a situation of convergent logistics, in contrast, science and politics fit and feed into each other’s worlds. In this situation, science is actively used in policy-making processes (Xxxxx, 1979) or at least there is a fair amount of interaction between the two communities (Gieryn, 1995; Xxxxxxxx, 1990). The second continuum in the matrix focuses on the allocation of power in the policy process. In a situation where science is dominant, policy-makers are depen- dent on scientific input, such as techniques, models and data. At the other extreme, scientists may provide input for the policy process, but policy-makers decide whether and to what extent they use this knowledge. The matrix (Figure 1) produces four ideal types of knowledge use in policy- making processes. They may help us to assess how internationally gained knowl- edge leads to policy change. In the upper left corner, scientists and policy-makers have different views on the policy. Crucially, policy-makers do not have a comprehensive view of the tech- nical aspects of the policy. As a result, they are dependent on scientists who ‘enlighten’ policy-makers with the knowledge they provide. Since policy- makers tend to have difficulty understanding the technical details of scientific input, moreover, information rarely goes straight into the policy but operates indirectly by influencing the ideas and ways ...
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