Iron and Steel production Sample Clauses

Iron and Steel production. Technologies to reduce GHG emissions:  Increased Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) use through scrap metal use (currently constrained by scrap availability)  Direct reduced iron (DRI) (also enables CCS)  Blast Furnace with top gas recycling  CCS  Hydrogen-based steel-making The steel sector accounts for approximately 4% of total EU GHG emissions in 2016 (EUTL). There are a number of technologies that can enable significant emission reductions in iron and steel-making. Some of these are already widely in use (EAF) but are only responsible for a small share of total steel production, due to the limited availability of inputs (scraps), and constraints on the types of final products that can be produced through EAF. Additionally, the use of EAFs still results in a certain amount of direct emissions through the oxidization of inputs in the EAF. While the emissions in EAF are only a fraction compared to other steel making processes (BF-Basic Oxygen Furnace), the residual emissions may nevertheless be incompatible with a 95% target scenario. Indirect emissions can also be highly significant, although this depends on the mode of electricity production such as when electricity is produced from coal. While the indirect emissions are from a technology perspective more a matter for the power sector itself, CCS may contribute to a solution in cases where the electricity is generated by using waste gases generated during traditional steel-making. Even if EAFs may not be an industry-wide long-term solution, its increased use could help achieve emissions reductions in the short and medium term. EAFs are also compatible with DRI, which can serve as an input into EAF steel-making. DRI in itself enables further emission reductions, as it is a pre-condition for hydrogen-based methods of steel production, and enables CCS relatively easily as carbon dioxide is already captured to improve flu gases (IETD, 2017). The biggest potential comes from basing steel production as much as possible on hydrogen. Older studies (Ranzani da Costa et al, 2013) already showed potentials of 80% emission reductions from hydrogen-based steel production. A new pilot plan in Linz, Austria has demonstrated the potential for full CO2 neutral steel production (Voestalpine, 2017). According to a steel sector roadmap (Eurofer, 2013), 60% reduction in GHG emissions by 2050 is achievable with increased scrap EAF, DRI, and CCS. Hydrogen- based methods in principle enables near zero-carbon steel production but ...
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