Nuclear envelope Sample Clauses

Nuclear envelope. The nuclear envelope is a double membrane sequestering the nucleus from the rest of the cell; the primary mode of crossing the nuclear envelope is through nuclear pores. The outer nuclear membrane (ONM) is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum and contains some ribosomes. The ONM is also decorated with several proteins specific to the ONM, which function to connect the nucleus to the surrounding cytoskeleton and correctly position the nucleus in the cell. The inner nuclear membrane (INM) interacts with nuclear lamins, chromatin, and other nucleoplasmic proteins through nuclear envelope transmembrane proteins (NETs), most of which specifically localize to the INM. LINC complexes, composed of SUN domain proteins on the nucleoplasmic side and KASH domain proteins on the cytoplasmic side, connect the cytoskeletons of the nucleus and cytoplasm (Xxxxxx and Xxxxx 2013), provide for transduction of mechanical signaling (Uzer, Xxxxxxxx et al. 2015), and maintain the correct spatial separation between the INM and ONM (Xxxxxx and Xxxxx 2007). SUN domain proteins interact with nuclear lamins as well as chromatin. KASH domain proteins interact with actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Together these linker and cytoskeletal proteins help to maintain overall nuclear structure and protect the nucleus from shear force. The nuclear envelope is not simply a passive barrier supported by active cytoskeletal proteins. Rather, nuclear envelope restructuring is important for proper differentiation of embryonic stem cells (Xxxxxx and Prinz 2007, Xxxxx, Zhang et al. 2011) and pathology results if the nuclear envelope or underlying lamins are compromised (Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxx et al. 2010). In summary, the nuclear envelope separates the nuclear compartment from the cytoplasm, helps to coordinate communication between nucleus and cytoplasm, and forms is actively involved in regulating nuclear processes.
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