Background and Significance. The human genome comprises three billion base pairs of DNA. In order to sequence the entire genome, a phased approach has been implemented by the NIH and DOE. The first requirement is the production of a conceptual array of large contiguous DNA sequences (large insert clones) spanning the 23 chromosomes. These "physical maps" must accurately represent the human genome and be in a form amenable to DNA sequencing. To make these physical maps amenable to sequencing, the individual large-insert clones will be further sub-divided into templates (either physically by subcloning or by primer walking) for direct DNA sequencing. Once the precise sequence of these templates is determined (by Sanger sequencing and fluorescent detection) they will be "assembled" into accurate ("finished" sequence) virtual representations of the original large-insert clones. The sequences of these large-insert clones are then assembled to form the full finished sequence of the human genome.
Background and Significance. 1 Source of exposures to lead, cadmium, and arsenic in children 1 Source of exposures to lead, cadmium, and arsenic in southern Thailand 3 Health effects of lead, cadmium, and arsenic in children 6 Human biomonitoring and biomarkers of lead, cadmium, and arsenic exposures 8 Hypotheses 11
Background and Significance. Briefly sketch the background leading to the present application, critically evaluate existing knowledge, and specifically identify the gaps the proposed project is intended to fill. State concisely the importance and Pediatric Health relevance of the res earch described in this application by relating the specific aims to the broad, long -term objectives.
Background and Significance. Briefly sketch the background leading to the present application, critically evaluate existing knowledge, and specifically identify the gaps the proposed project is intended to fill. State concisely the importance and Pediatric Health relevance of the research described in this application by relating the specific aims to the broad, long-term objectives. Recommended Length of Section -Grant-in-Aid Awards: 1/2-3/4 page (total application not to exceed 3 pages)
Background and Significance. Briefly sketch the background to the research project. Indicate the importance of the project to long-‐term research goals. Include relevant references. Do not exceed two pages (not including references).
Background and Significance. C. Related Previous Studies ..
Background and Significance. Defining Treatment Adherence 15 The Impact of Treatment Non-adherence 17 Adherence to Intravenous Chemotherapy 19 Racial Differences in Chemotherapy Adherence 20 Contextual Factors Related to Adherence 21 Socio-demographic Factors 21 Social Interaction 27 Breast Cancer Knowledge 32 Cancer Experience 33 Cancer-Specific Health Beliefs 37 Summary 39
Background and Significance. Dementia occurs in ~15% of all those over the age of 65; two-thirds of these cases are due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Approximately 5.7 million individuals are affected with AD in the United States, with the number steadily increasing as our population ages. At the present time there is no cure for the disease. We have symptomatic treatments only. It is becoming more and more critical to identify AD at its earliest stage, and even at preclinical stages so that therapeutic targets can be identified which might prevent the onset of AD. One of the most powerful tools we have is to identify those at risk of cognitive decline prior to the diagnosis of dementia. To date there is no pharmaceutical cure for AD and other degenerative diseases. Yet lifestyle intervention has repeatedly been shown to xxxxx and delay progression of the disease at the preclinical stage for a significant percentage of the population at risk. Lifestyle intervention has only been tried in limited clinical settings or cohort populations with intrinsic healthy lifestyles. This would be the first time that cognitive decline would be studied at a community where lifestyle has been introduced and inculcated within the community. This prospective observational study will give us information regarding passive influence of a brain healthy community on cognitive decline as well as the elements in the community that have the greatest effect on cognitive decline
Background and Significance. Despite advancements in detection, treatment and prevention over the last 30 years, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to be a serious health problem. By the end of 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that there were 1.2 million people infected with HIV in the United States (CDC, 2015c). Of those people, it is estimated that 12.8% do not know their HIV status, which likely contributes to over 56,000 new infections a year (CDC 2015d). While HIV incidence has remained relatively stable, data shows a troubling increase in certain subpopulations. Research shows gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV. According to recent data from the CDC, gay and bisexual men represent approximately 4% of the population, but account for almost 78% of all new HIV infections found in men in 2010 and 63% of all new infections in the general population (CDC, 2016a; CDC 2012b; CDC 2015c). There was a 12% increase from 2008 to 2010 of HIV infection in all MSM in the United States (CDC, 2012b). Even more disproportionately affected are Black/African American gay and bisexual men. In 2010, Black MSM (BMSM) accounted for 72% of all new infections among all Black men and 36% of all new HIV infections among all gay and bisexual men in general (Xxxx, Xxxxxx, Xxxxxx 2015). What is more concerning is the rate at which young men who have sex with men (YMSM) are becoming disproportionately affected by HIV. Between the years 2008-2010, there was a 22% increase in new HIV infection among young gay and bisexual men (CDC 2012b). The CDC’s National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system study of MSM found the HIV prevalence to be about 7% in 18-19 year olds and 12% in 20-24 year olds and higher among Black young MSM (BYMSM) at 9% and 20% in those respective age groups (CDC, 2012b). More new infections occurred among African American youth ages 13-24 than any other subgroup of MSM. In fact, this population accounted for 45% of all new HIV infections among BMSM and 55% of new HIV infections among YMSM overall in the United States (CDC, 2012b). This is more than twice as many estimated new infections in young White or young Hispanic/Latino MSM (CDC, 2016b). Between the years 2001-2006, there was a 93% increase in HIV diagnoses among black MSM (CDC, 2008). Moreover, although the rates of unprotected anal intercourse are similar, YBMSM have an odds ratio of HIV infection that is 9 times that of young Whit...
Background and Significance. Evidence-Based Practice The most commonly recognized definition of EBP is a decision-making process that integrates three key elements: (a) conscientious use of current best evidence, (b) clinical expertise, and (c) patient preferences in making clinical decisions to achieve optimal patient outcomes (Xxxxxx, 1999; Xxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 1999; Estabrooks, 1998; IOM, 2001; Xxxxxx, 1997; Xxxxxx et al., 2000; Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxxxx, 2005b; Xxxxxxx, 1998; Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxx, Xxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxxxx, 1996; Xxxxxxx et al., 1998). Best evidence refers to relevant patient-centered clinical evidence (research) that substantiates a chosen intervention. Clinical expertise is defined as the experiential knowledge and judgment gained as one practices in a discipline over time. Clinical expertise is central to EBP, as it allows for the integration of evidence with the third element, patient/family preferences in making a clinical decision. The EBP process, by incorporating patient/family preferences, makes the patient/family active participants in clinical decisions surrounding the patient’s care. The EBP process de-emphasizes intuition, unexamined clinical experience, and pathophysiology in clinical decision- making; and it requires clinicians to develop a new set of skills (literature searching, critical appraisal and synthesis of the research, and integration of the evidence with their expertise and patient/family preferences) (Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group (EBWG), 1992; Xxxxxx, 1991; Xxxxxxxx & Xxxx, 2001; Xxxxxxxxx & Xxxxxx, 1995; Xxxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxx, 2007). There are five steps to the EBP process. The first step is to develop an important clinical question. The second step in the EBP process is to search for all relevant evidence. Critically examining the evidence for validity, generalizability, and applicability to the situation makes up the third step. Implementation of a decision or practice change based on the integration of the best evidence with the clinician’s expertise and the patient’s preferences comprise the fourth step of the EBP process. The final step is to evaluate the decision or practice change that was implemented (Xxxxxxxx, 1998; IOM, 2001; Xxxxxx & Xxxxxxx-Xxxxxxxx, 2005a). The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) provides a standard for assessing the quality of evidence. Levels of evidence are ranked from best to least: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs); one RCT; one controlled study without ...
