Other Tests. S Sieve Analysis CD Consolidated-Drained Triaxial C Consolidation H Hydrometer Analysis CU Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Qu Unconfined Compression γ Unit Weight UU Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Ip Point Load Index, Ip(50) Gs Specific Gravity of Soil Particles DS Direct Shear k Laboratory Permeability SOIL DESCRIPTION Terminology describing common soil genesis: Rootmat Vegetation, roots, and xxxx with organic matter and topsoil typically forming a mattress at the ground surface. Topsoil Mixture of soil and humus capable of supporting vegetative growth. Peat A soil composed of vegetable tissue in various stages of decomposition usually with an organic odor, a dark-xxxxx to black color, a spongy consistency, and a texture ranging from fibrous to amorphous. Till Non-stratified glacial deposit which may range from clay to boulders Fill Artificial (man-made) deposits transported and placed on the natural surface of soil or rock. Terminology describing soil structure: Homogeneous The lack of visible bedding and the same appearance and colour throughout Desiccated Having visible signs of weathering by oxidation of clay minerals, shrinking cracks, etc. Fissured Having cracks and hence a blocky structure Stratified Composed of regular alternating successions of different soil types Varved Comprised of regular alternating successions of silt and clay which were transported into freshwater lakes by melt water Layer > 75 mm Seam 2 mm to 75 mm Parting < 2 mm Pocket Small erratic deposit, usually less than 300 mm Lens Lenticular deposit Terminology describing soil types: Soils are described in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) as described in ASTM D2487 and ASTM D2488. This system classifies soil into categories representing the results of laboratory tests to determine the particle-size characteristics, the liquid limit, and the plasticity index. Using this system, soils are assigned a group name (e.g. silty sand) and symbol (e.g. SM). The various groupings of this classification system have been devised to correlate in a general way with the engineering behavior of soils. Laboratory tests are performed on the portion of the sample passing the 75 mm sieve. When laboratory test results indicate that that the soil is close to another classification group, the borderline condition can be indicated with two symbols separated by a slash (e.g. CL/CH). Terminology describing cobbles, boulders, and non-matrix materials: Materials outside of the USCS (e.g. particles larger than 75 mm, organic matter, construction debris) are described based on the proportion of these materials by weight using the following terminology: Trace, or occasional < 10% Some 10% to 20% Frequent > 20% Terminology describing the compactness condition of cohesionless soils: A qualitative term describing the compactness condition of a cohesionless soil is interpreted from the SPT N- value (also known as the N-index). The relationship between the SPT N-value and the compactness condition is shown in the following table. Compactness Condition SPT N-Value (blows per 0.3 m) Very Loose 0 to 4 Loose 4 to 10 Compact 10 to 30 Dense 30 to 50 Very Dense Over 50 Terminology describing the compactness condition of cohesive soils: Cohesive soils can be classified in relation to undrained strength. Undrained strength can be determined by a number of tests including: unconfined compression tests, field and laboratory vane tests, laboratory fall-cone tests, shear-box tests, and triaxial tests. The consistency and undrained shear strength may also be approximately related the SPT N-Value. The relationship between the consistency and the undrained shear strength, as well as a rough correlation with SPT N-Value as shown in the following table. Consistency Undrained Shear Strength (kPa) SPT N-Value (blows per 0.3 m) Very Soft < 12 < 2 Soft 12 to 25 2 to 4 Firm 25 to 50 4 to 8 Stiff 50 to 100 8 to 15 Very Stiff 100 to 200 15 to 30 Hard > 200 > 00
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Other Tests. S Sieve Analysis CD Consolidated-Drained Triaxial C Consolidation H Hydrometer Analysis CU Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Qu Unconfined Compression γ Unit Weight UU Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Ip Point Load Index, Ip(50) Gs Specific Gravity of Soil Particles DS Direct Shear k Laboratory Permeability SOIL DESCRIPTION Terminology describing common soil genesis: Rootmat Vegetation, roots, and xxxx with organic matter and topsoil typically forming a mattress at the ground surface. Topsoil Mixture of soil and humus capable of supporting vegetative growth. Peat A soil composed of vegetable tissue in various stages of decomposition usually with an organic odor, a dark-xxxxx brown to black color, a spongy consistency, and a texture ranging from fibrous to amorphous. Till Non-stratified glacial deposit which may range from clay to boulders Fill Artificial (man-made) deposits transported and placed on the natural surface of soil or rock. Terminology describing soil structure: Homogeneous The lack of visible bedding and the same appearance and colour throughout Desiccated Having visible signs of weathering by oxidation of clay minerals, shrinking cracks, etc. Fissured Having cracks and hence a blocky structure Stratified Composed of regular alternating successions of different soil types Varved Comprised of regular alternating successions of silt and clay which were transported into freshwater lakes by melt water Layer > 75 mm Seam 2 mm to 75 mm Parting < 2 mm Pocket Small erratic deposit, usually less than 300 mm Lens Lenticular deposit Terminology describing soil types: Soils are described in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) as described in ASTM D2487 and ASTM D2488. This system classifies soil into categories representing the results of laboratory tests to determine the particle-size characteristics, the liquid limit, and the plasticity index. Using this system, soils are assigned a group name (e.g. silty sand) and symbol (e.g. SM). The various groupings of this classification system have been devised to correlate in a general way with the engineering behavior of soils. Laboratory tests are performed on the portion of the sample passing the 75 mm sieve. When laboratory test results indicate that that the soil is close to another classification group, the borderline condition can be indicated with two symbols separated by a slash (e.g. CL/CH). Terminology describing cobbles, boulders, and non-matrix materials: Materials outside of the USCS (e.g. particles larger than 75 mm, organic matter, construction debris) are described based on the proportion of these materials by weight using the following terminology: Trace, or occasional < 10% Some 10% to 20% Frequent > 20% Terminology describing the compactness condition of cohesionless soils: A qualitative term describing the compactness condition of a cohesionless soil is interpreted from the SPT N- value (also known as the N-index). The relationship between the SPT N-value and the compactness condition is shown in the following table. Compactness Condition SPT N-Value (blows per 0.3 m) Very Loose 0 to 4 Loose 4 to 10 Compact 10 to 30 Dense 30 to 50 Very Dense Over 50 Terminology describing the compactness condition of cohesive soils: Cohesive soils can be classified in relation to undrained strength. Undrained strength can be determined by a number of tests including: unconfined compression tests, field and laboratory vane tests, laboratory fall-cone tests, shear-box tests, and triaxial tests. The consistency and undrained shear strength may also be approximately related the SPT N-Value. The relationship between the consistency and the undrained shear strength, as well as a rough correlation with SPT N-Value as shown in the following table. Consistency Undrained Shear Strength (kPa) SPT N-Value (blows per 0.3 m) Very Soft < 12 < 2 Soft 12 to 25 2 to 4 Firm 25 to 50 4 to 8 Stiff 50 to 100 8 to 15 Very Stiff 100 to 200 15 to 30 Hard > 200 > 00
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Other Tests. S Sieve Analysis CD Consolidated-Drained Triaxial C Consolidation H Hydrometer Analysis CU Consolidated-Undrained Triaxial Qu Unconfined Compression γ Unit Weight UU Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Ip Point Load Index, Ip(50) Gs Specific Gravity of Soil Particles DS Direct Shear k Laboratory Permeability SOIL DESCRIPTION Terminology describing common soil genesis: Rootmat Vegetation, roots, and xxxx with organic matter and topsoil typically forming a mattress at the ground surface. Topsoil Mixture of soil and humus capable of supporting vegetative growth. Peat A soil composed of vegetable tissue in various stages of decomposition usually with an organic odor, a dark-xxxxx brown to black color, a spongy consistency, and a texture ranging from fibrous to amorphous. Till Non-stratified glacial deposit which may range from clay to boulders Fill Artificial (man-made) deposits transported and placed on the natural surface of soil or rock. Terminology describing soil structure: Homogeneous The lack of visible bedding and the same appearance and colour throughout Desiccated Having visible signs of weathering by oxidation of clay minerals, shrinking cracks, etc. Fissured Having cracks and hence a blocky structure Stratified Composed of regular alternating successions of different soil types Varved Comprised of regular alternating successions of silt and clay which were transported into freshwater lakes by melt water Layer > 75 mm Seam 2 mm to 75 mm Parting < 2 mm Pocket Small erratic deposit, usually less than 300 mm Lens Lenticular deposit Terminology describing soil types: Soils are described in accordance with the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) as described in ASTM D2487 and ASTM D2488. This system classifies soil into categories representing the results of laboratory tests to determine the particle-size characteristics, the liquid limit, and the plasticity index. Using this system, soils are assigned a group name (e.g. silty sand) and symbol (e.g. SM). The various groupings of this classification system have been devised to correlate in a general way with the engineering behavior of soils. Laboratory tests are performed on the portion of the sample passing the 75 mm sieve. When laboratory test results indicate that that the soil is close to another classification group, the borderline condition can be indicated with two symbols separated by a slash (e.g. CL/CH). Terminology describing cobbles, boulders, and non-matrix materials: Materials outside of the USCS (e.g. particles larger than 75 mm, organic matter, construction debris) are described based on the proportion of these materials by weight using the following terminology: Trace, or occasional < 10% Some 10% to 20% Frequent > 20% Terminology describing the compactness condition of cohesionless soils: A qualitative term describing the compactness condition of a cohesionless soil is interpreted from the SPT N- value (also known as the N-index). The relationship between the SPT N-value and the compactness condition is shown in the following table. Compactness Condition SPT N-Value (blows per 0.3 m) Very Loose 0 to 4 Loose 4 to 10 Compact 10 to 30 Dense 30 to 50 Very Dense Over 50 Terminology describing the compactness condition of cohesive soils: Cohesive soils can be classified in relation to undrained strength. Undrained strength can be determined by a number of tests including: unconfined compression tests, field and laboratory vane tests, laboratory fall-cone tests, shear-box tests, and triaxial tests. The consistency and undrained shear strength may also be approximately related the SPT N-Value. The relationship between the consistency and the undrained shear strength, as well as a rough correlation with SPT N-Value as shown in the following table. Consistency Undrained Shear Strength (kPa) SPT N-Value (blows per 0.3 m) Very Soft < 12 < 2 Soft 12 to 25 2 to 4 Firm 25 to 50 4 to 8 Stiff 50 to 100 8 to 15 Very Stiff 100 to 200 15 to 30 Hard > 200 > 00
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