Solubilizing ability of NADES Sample Clauses

Solubilizing ability of NADES. Considering the different polarities of the NADES, it is possible that they act as an alternative media to water in organisms, dissolving non water-soluble metabolites or macromolecules. In particular, many plant secondary metabolites are not soluble in water at all, but are synthesized, stored, and transported in plants. A model experiment was carried out to explore the solubilizing capacity of NADES. For this, the solubility of the non-water soluble or poorly water soluble natural products rutin, quercetin, cinnamic acid, carthamin, taxol, ginkgolide B, and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone in LGH, GCH, PCH, and xylitol-choline chloride-water (XoCH) was measured and compared with their solubility in water (Table 4). The results indicate that the solubility of most tested compounds was highest in PCH, which is reasonable, considering that PCH is the least polar. It is noteworthy that the solubility of these compounds increased in NADES by 18 to 460,000 times compared to water. As a further step, the influence of the water content on the solubilizing capacity of GCH was investigated (Fig. 5). In this case, addition of a small amount of water in GCH can increase its solubilizing capacity and the optimum water content depended on the compound. For example, rutin showed the highest solubility in GCH with 5% (v/v) water and carthamin was best soluble in GCH with 10% (v/v) water. These results show that water is an important factor in optimizing natural NADES. The solubility of quercetin and carthamin was higher in XoCH than in PCH. Taxol and 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone have the highest solubility in LGH, although LGH is the most polar of the tested NADES. In order to gain more insight into the solubilizing mechanism of NADES, high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR was selected to analyze a saturated solution of quercetin in XoCH. Obvious cross peaks between quercetin and XoCH were observed in the HR-MAS-NOESY spectrum (Fig. 6) indicating that the interaction forces, might result from hydrogen bonding between NADES molecules and solutes, providing an explanation of the high solubilizing capacity of NADES. In addition, the solubility of compounds in NADES affected a lot by temperature. Increasing temperature from 40 to 50 oC, the solubility of quercetin increased to 2.3 times higher in GCH and 1.65 times higher in PCH (Table 5). Table 4. Solubility of small molecules (m mole) including rutin, quercetin, cinnamic acid, carthamin, 1,8-dihydroxy-anthraquinone, t...
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