Results and Discussion. Starting from commercially available N,N-dialkylamino benzaldehydes (or benzaldehyde in case of 24a, the "always on" dye) and 2,4-dimethylpyrrole synthesis of non-functionalized BODIPY dyes 24a-e proved straightforward, with yields ranging between 32 and 50% (Scheme 7.1). 13,29 To obtain mono-functional BODIPY dyes 29-31a-e, three benzaldehydes were synthesized, containing either an alkyne (25), 30 azide (27) 31 or a methyl ester (28) 32 as the functional group. The use of a tert-butyl ester has been reported in a related study, 18 however, literature precedence shows that methyl esters can be saponified using (mild) basic conditions while leaving the BODIPY core intact. 1,11,33 Subsequently, these benzalde- hydes were used in a Knoevenagel condensation reaction with BODIPYs 24a-e. F F a N N H N O O Ar= N3 O O O F F O + R1
Results and Discussion. 1H NMR studies of the interaction between three ruthenium polypyridyl complexes and 9-ethylguanine The reaction between the ruthenium polypyridyl complex [Ru(apy)(tpy)(H2O)]2+ and the DNA model base 9-ethylguanine was studied by 1H NMR at a 1:2 ratio (see Fig.3.2). The conditions of the experiment were chosen to be as close as possible to physiological conditions, using D2O as a solvent and a temperature of 310 K. The reaction was studied for 24 hours, during which the pH was seen to remain neutral.
Results and Discussion. A total of 18 studies were selected for literature review. Review results showed that most studies reported what a hypothetical up-scaled technology would look like in the future. All studies described how they estimated data; they applied different data estimation methods, using process simulation, manual calculations, molecular structure models (MSMs) and proxies. Since the review results showed that most ex-ante LCA studies followed similar up-scaling steps, we developed a framework for the up- scaling of emerging technologies in ex-ante LCA consisting of three main steps: 1) projected technology scenario definition, 2) preparation of a projected LCA flowchart and 3) projected data estimation. Finally, a decision tree was developed based on the review results that provides recommendations for LCA practitioners regarding the up-scaling procedure in ex-ante LCA. Conclusions: Our findings can be useful for LCA practitioners aiming at up- scaling in ex-ante LCA. We provide an overview of up-scaling methods used in ex-ante LCA, introduce a framework describing the steps involved in the up-scaling process and a decision tree recommending an up-scaling procedure. The results show that in theory all data estimation methods described in this paper can be applied to estimate material flows, energy flows, and elementary flows (emissions and natural resource use). Finally, since different kinds of expertise are required for up-scaling in ex-ante LCA, we recommend that technology experts from different fields are involved in performing ex-ante LCA, e.g. technology developers, LCA practitioners, and engineers.
Results and Discussion. All raw and processed results must be recorded neatly and clearly. Repeated values may be tabulated with clear headers. If there is more than one table, please give a clear and legible title to each one of them. Discussion section aims to analyze the results you obtain. This is done by describing them, explaining the results with respect to the theoretical expectation either by proving the theory or otherwise. When results are in agreement with the theory, (you may feel happy) the discussion may be written in support of the theory which may now be used to predict other possible conditions. However, if result differ from the expected, the discussion may be more interesting. Here is the case when the theory may be weak or wrong or the experimental result is wrong. Discussion may be centered in scrutiny of the theory and all its assumptions or on the other hand, on possible sources of errors in the experimental procedure.
Results and Discussion. Demographic Analysis
Results and Discussion. Dependence of the SHG signal as a function of the time delay between the THz-pump and near- infrared probe pulses for non-centrosymmetric BST and centrosymmetric SrTiO3 shows in Figs. 1(b) and 1(c), respectively.
Figure 1. THz-induced dynamics of nonlinear-optical response of the crystals. (a) — time-domain amplitude of THz pulse; SHG responses from BST (b) and SrTiO3 (c).
(d) dependence of the SHG intensity on the THz field (logarithmic scale). The shape of the SHG response from BST qualitatively coincided with the shape of the THz pulse. Its mean, that the non-linear response should be linear to the THz electric field. The time-domain signal from STO qualitatively recalls square shape of the THz pulse. Power dependencies of the SHG intensity on the THz electric field (Fig. 1(e)) show linear and quadratic for BST and STO, respectively. In centrosymmetric crystals (STO), in the electric-dipole approximation, the only allowed effect is electric field (in our case THz electric field) induced second harmonic (TEFISH). This explains the fact that the signal from the STO in the negative delay is equal to zero. Induced polarization can be described as P˜TEFISH(2ω)= χ((3))E˜ΩE˜ω E˜ω , where E˜ω — electric field of optical pulse, E˜Ω — electric field of THz pulse, χ((n)) — n-th-order susceptibilities tensor. In noncentrosymmetric crystal with nonzero electric dipole contribution P˜cryst(2ω), formally the same description can be applied for the electric-field dependent part of polarization:
(1) When the in-plane electric field is applied along the axis at the angle respect to [100] axis, part of domain line up along the field. In analogy with Ref. [7], it will be seen in the net response as the normalized volume fractions of domains V+ and Vi−(i = x, y) — (i = [100], [010]) with the electric polarization vector oriented parallel or antiparallel with respect to the one of two crystallographic axes in the plane of the sample. The differences of the fractions of the positively and the negatively oriented domains determines the electric field dependent contribution to the nonlinear optical polarization as ΔVi = V+ − V− : P001 + ΔViPi. Thus, the volume contributions to the corresponding domain directions for any angle ψ of applied THz E-field results in the following dependences: ΔVx = γ cos ψ, ΔVy = γ sin ψ, ΔVz = 1 − ΔVx2 − ΔVy2, (2) where γ is the ratio of in-plane switched domain fraction to [001]-oriented unswitched domain fraction. In general case, SHG intensity f...
Results and Discussion. Figure 7 shows the results of our experiments on hecs without repairs, where we estimated ψ = unrel750. Figure 8 shows the results for hecs with repairs, where we estimated ϕ = unrel1000. We ran on a computer with a CPU Intel® Xeon® E7-8890 v4 @ 2.20 GHz and 2 TB of RAM DDR4 @ 1866 MHz, run- ning Linux x64 (Ubuntu, kernel 3.13.0-168). We use whisker-bar plots to show the width Fig. 6. Color legend of bar plots of the 95% cis estimated for each instance. An instance is a combination of a res algorithm, a model, and an importance function—e.g. fee=8, hecs3, and MCS—represented in Figs. 7 and 8 by one bar in one plot. Each instance was repeated 13 times. The height of a bar represents the result- ing average ci width: achieved by that algorithm, in that model, via that importance function (we removed outliers using a Z-scorem=2 [11]). The whiskers on top of the bar rep- resent the variance of these widths. The number at the base of a bar indicates how many out of the 13 repetitions of that instance yielded valid results—if no rare event is observed, estimation. outputs the “null ci” [0, 0] to indicate an invalid
Results and Discussion. Initially, the rate of diffusion for CO2 into THF using a gas flow meter was examined [32]. With a flow rate of the gas of 480 lL min–1, 39 lmol min–1 is pumped through the mem- brane, as calculated according to Eq.
Results and Discussion. Participants liked the robot more in the functional noise conditions, instead of a constant noise conditions, F(1,39)=3.844, p<0.05. A main effect was found for functional noise on perceived helpfulness: participants rated the functional noise conditions (M=3.35, sd=1.089), as being significantly more helpful than the constant noise conditions (M=2.70, sd=1.081), U=135.5, p<.05. When we combined this dataset with the one in [6], we found a significant main effect of functional noise on helpfulness. Participants found an intentional noise pattern (M=3.35, sd=1.122) significantly more helpful a constant functional noise pattern (M=2.73, sd=.987), U=546.00, Z=-2.546, p<0.05. Furthermore, we found significant (2-tailed) main effects for functional noise on all Godspeed scales: anthropomorphism (F(1,73)=7.685, p<0.01), animacy (F(1,75)=7.474, p<0.01), likeability (F(1,75)=9.336, p<0.01), perceived intelligence (U=520.00, Z=0.10, p<0.01) and perceived safety (U=607.50, Z=0.059, p<0.05). For the above scales the intentional noise conditions were rated more positively than the constant noise conditions as can be seen in Figure 2. No significant effects were found between size of the robots. Both short and tall robots were simple-looking robotic devices without moveable arms. It could be that a robot with a more anthropomorphic, or sophisticated shape, yields different results. We are aware that we have introduced limitations towards the validity of our work. Previous work in HRI has found that full- frontal robot approaches are not necessarily the most comfortable. The experiment procedure perhaps made participants unnaturally well aware of the approaching robot; participants were focused on the robot from start to finish. In conclusion, we found that a robot approaching with intentional noise (increasing in volume when the robot accelerated and decreasing in volume when the robot decelerated) was perceived more helpful, and was regarded more positively. Our study shows that functional noise could be a powerful tool to convey a robot's intentions when approaching a user.
Results and Discussion. Particle characterization
