Results and Discussion Sample Clauses

Results and Discussion. Participants liked the robot more in the functional noise conditions, instead of a constant noise conditions, F(1,39)=3.844, p<0.05. A main effect was found for functional noise on perceived helpfulness: participants rated the functional noise conditions (M=3.35, sd=1.089), as being significantly more helpful than the constant noise conditions (M=2.70, sd=1.081), U=135.5, p<.05. When we combined this dataset with the one in [6], we found a significant main effect of functional noise on helpfulness. Participants found an intentional noise pattern (M=3.35, sd=1.122) significantly more helpful a constant functional noise pattern (M=2.73, sd=.987), U=546.00, Z=-2.546, p<0.05. Furthermore, we found significant (2-tailed) main effects for functional noise on all Godspeed scales: anthropomorphism (F(1,73)=7.685, p<0.01), animacy (F(1,75)=7.474, p<0.01), likeability (F(1,75)=9.336, p<0.01), perceived intelligence (U=520.00, Z=0.10, p<0.01) and perceived safety (U=607.50, Z=0.059, p<0.05). For the above scales the intentional noise conditions were rated more positively than the constant noise conditions as can be seen in Figure 2. No significant effects were found between size of the robots. Both short and tall robots were simple-looking robotic devices without moveable arms. It could be that a robot with a more anthropomorphic, or sophisticated shape, yields different results. We are aware that we have introduced limitations towards the validity of our work. Previous work in HRI has found that full- frontal robot approaches are not necessarily the most comfortable. The experiment procedure perhaps made participants unnaturally well aware of the approaching robot; participants were focused on the robot from start to finish. In conclusion, we found that a robot approaching with intentional noise (increasing in volume when the robot accelerated and decreasing in volume when the robot decelerated) was perceived more helpful, and was regarded more positively. Our study shows that functional noise could be a powerful tool to convey a robot's intentions when approaching a user.

Results and Discussion. Particle characterization

Results and Discussion. A total of 18 studies were selected for literature review. Review results showed that most studies reported what a hypothetical up-scaled technology would look like in the future. All studies described how they estimated data; they applied different data estimation methods, using process simulation, manual calculations, molecular structure models (MSMs) and proxies. Since the review results showed that most ex-ante LCA studies followed similar up-scaling steps, we developed a framework for the up- scaling of emerging technologies in ex-ante LCA consisting of three main steps: 1) projected technology scenario definition, 2) preparation of a projected LCA flowchart and 3) projected data estimation. Finally, a decision tree was developed based on the review results that provides recommendations for LCA practitioners regarding the up-scaling procedure in ex-ante LCA. Conclusions: Our findings can be useful for LCA practitioners aiming at up- scaling in ex-ante LCA. We provide an overview of up-scaling methods used in ex-ante LCA, introduce a framework describing the steps involved in the up-scaling process and a decision tree recommending an up-scaling procedure. The results show that in theory all data estimation methods described in this paper can be applied to estimate material flows, energy flows, and elementary flows (emissions and natural resource use). Finally, since different kinds of expertise are required for up-scaling in ex-ante LCA, we recommend that technology experts from different fields are involved in performing ex-ante LCA, e.g. technology developers, LCA practitioners, and engineers.

Results and Discussion. Table 1 (top) shows the root mean square error (RMSE) between the three tests for different numbers of topics. These results show that all three tests largely agree with each other but as the sample size (number of topics) decreases, the agreement decreases. In line with the results found for 50 topics, the randomization and bootstrap tests agree more with the t-test than with each other. We looked at pairwise scatterplots of the three tests at the different topic sizes. While there is some disagreement among the tests at large p-values, i.e. those greater than 0.5, none of the tests would predict such a run pair to have a significant difference. More interesting to us is the behavior of the tests for run pairs with lower p-values. Table 1 (bottom) shows the RMSE among the three tests for run pairs that all three tests agreed had a p-value greater than 0.0001 and less than 0.5. In contrast to all pairs with p-values 0.0001 (Table 1 top), these run pairs are of more importance to the IR researcher since they are the runs that require a statistical test to judge the significance of the per- formance difference. For these run pairs, the randomization and t tests are much more in agreement with each other than the bootstrap is with either of the other two tests. Looking at scatterplots, we found that the bootstrap tracks the t-test very well but shows a systematic bias to produce p-values smaller than the t-test. As the number of topics de- creases, this bias becomes more pronounced. Figure 1 shows a pairwise scatterplot of the three tests when the number of topics is 10. The randomization test also tends to produce smaller p-values than the t-test for run pairs where the t- test estimated a p-value smaller than 0.1, but at the same time, produces some p-values greater than the t-test’s. As Figure 1 shows, the bootstrap consistently gives smaller p- values than the t-test for these smaller p-values. While the bootstrap and the randomization test disagree with each other more than with the t-test, Figure 1 shows that for a low number of topics, the randomization test shows less noise in its agreement with the bootstrap com- pared to the t-test for small p-values.

Results and Discussion. Dependence of the SHG signal as a function of the time delay between the THz-pump and near- infrared probe pulses for non-centrosymmetric BST and centrosymmetric SrTiO3 shows in Figs. 1(b) and 1(c), respectively. Figure 1. THz-induced dynamics of nonlinear-optical response of the crystals. (a) — time-domain amplitude of THz pulse; SHG responses from BST (b) and SrTiO3 (c). (d) dependence of the SHG intensity on the THz field (logarithmic scale). The shape of the SHG response from BST qualitatively coincided with the shape of the THz pulse. Its mean, that the non-linear response should be linear to the THz electric field. The time-domain signal from STO qualitatively recalls square shape of the THz pulse. Power dependencies of the SHG intensity on the THz electric field (Fig. 1(e)) show linear and quadratic for BST and STO, respectively. In centrosymmetric crystals (STO), in the electric-dipole approximation, the only allowed effect is electric field (in our case THz electric field) induced second harmonic (TEFISH). This explains the fact that the signal from the STO in the negative delay is equal to zero. Induced polarization can be described as P˜TEFISH(2ω)= χ((3))E˜ΩE˜ω E˜ω , where E˜ω — electric field of optical pulse, E˜Ω — electric field of THz pulse, χ((n)) — n-th-order susceptibilities tensor. In noncentrosymmetric crystal with nonzero electric dipole contribution P˜cryst(2ω), formally the same description can be applied for the electric-field dependent part of polarization: (1) When the in-plane electric field is applied along the axis at the angle respect to [100] axis, part of domain line up along the field. In analogy with Ref. [7], it will be seen in the net response as the normalized volume fractions of domains V+ and Vi−(i = x, y) — (i = [100], [010]) with the electric polarization vector oriented parallel or antiparallel with respect to the one of two crystallographic axes in the plane of the sample. The differences of the fractions of the positively and the negatively oriented domains determines the electric field dependent contribution to the nonlinear optical polarization as ΔVi = V+ − V− : P001 + ΔViPi. Thus, the volume contributions to the corresponding domain directions for any angle ψ of applied THz E-field results in the following dependences: ΔVx = γ cos ψ, ΔVy = γ sin ψ, ΔVz = 1 − ΔVx2 − ΔVy2, (2) where γ is the ratio of in-plane switched domain fraction to [001]-oriented unswitched domain fraction. In general case, SHG intensity f...

Results and Discussion. The net emissions (carbon stock changes in the live biomass, debris and HWP pools) in the reference and ENGO scenarios are shown in Figure 4. The net emissions under the reference, ENGO (no leakage) and ENGO (15% leakage) scenarios, and the FM credits generated under the ENGO (no leakage) and ENGO (15% leakage) scenarios, are shown in Table 3. Figure 4 Carbon stock change (live biomass, debris, harvested wood product pools) in reference and ENGO scenarios, Mt CO2-e yr-1, 2013-2030 Table 3 Net emissions and FM credit outcomes under the reference, ENGO (no leakage) and ENGO (15% leakage) scenarios, Mt CO2-e yr-1, 2013-2030 The results suggest the FM credits associated with the creation of the reserves are likely to be significant. Under the ENGO (no leakage) scenario, the mean over the period 2013-2020 is 8.01 Mt CO2-e yr-1, rising to 8.48 Mt CO2-e yr-1 for the period 2021-2030. Under the ENGO (15% leakage) scenario, the impacts of the leakage to other FM areas reduces these averages to 6.81 Mt CO2-e yr-1 and 7.21 Mt CO2-e yr-1 for 2013-2020 and 2021-2030 respectively. To put these annual FM credit numbers in perspective, they are more than the total annual emissions from a 1400-1500 MW capacity black coal-fired power station. For example, in 2009-10, the 1434 MW capacity Stanwell Power Station in Queensland generated 8063 GWh of electricity and emitted approximately 6.2 MtCO2-e of greenhouse gases (Stanwell Corporation Ltd, 2011).24 Similarly, in the same year, the 1400 MW capacity Tarong Power Station, also in Queensland, generated 7124 GWh 24 The emission estimate was devised using the Queensland black coal energy content factor from ABARES (2011c) and the black coal emission factors from DCCEE (2011). of electricity and emitted roughly 6 MtCO2-e (Tarong Energy Corporation Ltd, 2010).25 Another way of illustrating the magnitude of the potential FM credits associated with the ENGO reserves is to compare them to Australia’s abatement task (the amount by which emissions have to be reduced compared to a ‘no policy change’ reference case to meet Australia’s mitigation commitments). In the Strong Growth, Low Pollution report, the Australian Treasury estimated that Australia’s cumulative abatement task with a 5% emission reduction target for 2020 over the period 2013-2020 was 737 Mt CO2-e (Australian Treasury, 2011).26 The results here suggest that the FM credits under the ENGO scenario would equate to between 7.4% and 8.7% of this task (Table 4). For the period...

Results and Discussion. The execution of ECP involves local detection of convergence and the transition across phases. Phases transition towards the explicit global agreement in the ECP is illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1.a shows the percentage of nodes in each phase over time. The figure also illustrates the smooth transition from a phase to the successive. Figure 1.b shows the average of estimates in each phase. It is clear that estimates in each phase converge to the same approximation value at all nodes. In the Aggregation phase, local estimates converge to 1 which is the correct average of spreading vdˆı = n over n nodes. Estimates in Convergence and Agreement phases converge to n as expected. In Figure 1.c, the variance of estimates over all nodes is tending towards very small value indicating the reduction in estimation error and the reach of convergence among nodes in each phase. Results in Figure 1 validates the ability of ECP to locally detect convergence, makes the transition in phases and attain the certainty of the explicit global agreement on the outcome of the global averaging. The internal performance of the ECP is examined by varying one of the associated parameters in each experiment. The error thresholds ε1 and ε2 are used in different phases, the effect of each one can be recognised by monitoring the corresponding phase, and hence both parameters are set to the same value. Figure 2 shows linear rising in the completion times of each phase when error thresholds are set for a higher accuracy. The values of ε1 and ε2 can be tuned to trade-off between accuracy and speed. For instance, a small error threshold can be used in Aggregation phase whilst using bigger one in Convergenc and Agreement phases to speed up convergence. On another hand, the use of higher values of Υ significantly slows the detection of convergence in each phase. Thereby, Υ is set to 5 which allows feasible convergence speed for large network sizes up to one million nodes. Also, a small delay in the completion time of Aggregation phase is noticed when the length of history queue H increases as shown in Figure 2.b. and thus the use of minimum reasonable length is preferable for faster convergence and less execution load.

Results and Discussion. The main aim of any smart contract design must be performance, security, implementation costs, and other factors. The performance test approach determines the time required to perform implementation smart contracts operations. The design of a smart contract depends on several programming languages and several important libraries with different environments. Several tests were implemented on many platforms and in several languages in addition to the different hardware. This chapter describes the implementation and testing for a real estate transaction using smart contracts and blockchain technology. The proposed system utilized a smart contract which is utilized on a blockchain that stores a description of a rent item or a purchase and regulates transactions between the two entities. And how the smart contract code executed on the blockchain is integrated into the C# language and the implementation of the actual components. The simulation software package for the proposed models is implemented in C# and the complete environment was built in Visual Studio 2017. The ECC algorithm is selected because it gave the best results in implementation compared with RSA. Furthermore, a new additional layer of the secure web via SSL has been dedicated. To implement the real estate transaction, the user has to obey the following steps: registration process, create a Real-estate account, and create a bank account initially. The Graphical User Interface (GUIs) of the prototype can be explained with some of the captured snapshots below: If the user logs in to the system, he will need to create add bank account and real estate account as explained in Fig 11 and Fig 12.

Results and Discussion. The evaluation study yielded valuable insights into the effectiveness of the contractual agreement in supporting program assessment and international collaborations within the ICP. Qualitative analysis of interview data revealed positive perceptions among administrators and faculty regarding the clarity and accountability provided by the contractual framework. Participants highlighted the agreement's role in facilitating program coordination, resolving conflicts, and enhancing communication among international partners. Quantitative analysis of survey data from students participating in the ICP indicated high levels of satisfaction with the program's overall organization, cross-cultural learning experiences, and opportunities for academic and personal growth. Students expressed appreciation for the structured framework of the contractual agreement, which guided their participation in collaborative projects, cultural exchanges, and joint research initiatives with peers from diverse cultural backgrounds. Key outcomes of the evaluation study included enhanced program assessment capabilities through systematic data collection and analysis facilitated by the contractual agreement. Program administrators reported improved ability to track student progress, measure learning outcomes, and evaluate the impact of international collaborations on academic achievement and career development. The contractual framework also enabled institutions to benchmark performance metrics and identify areas for continuous improvement in program design and implementation. Statistical analysis of survey responses indicated that 85% of students surveyed perceived the contractual agreement as effective in promoting intercultural understanding and collaboration within the ICP. Qualitative insights highlighted the transformative impact of international experiences on students' academic and professional development, emphasizing the value of structured partnerships in fostering global competencies and preparing future leaders for an interconnected world. The implementation of the contractual agreement within the ICP involved several stages, beginning with the negotiation and drafting of the agreement by program administrators and legal representatives from partner institutions. The agreement outlined specific terms and conditions governing the scope of collaboration, financial obligations, student mobility, and intellectual property rights. Regular meetings and consultations were held among...

Results and Discussion. All raw and processed results must be recorded neatly and clearly. Repeated values may be tabulated with clear headers. If there is more than one table, please give a clear and legible title to each one of them. Discussion section aims to analyze the results you obtain. This is done by describing them, explaining the results with respect to the theoretical expectation either by proving the theory or otherwise. When results are in agreement with the theory, (you may feel happy) the discussion may be written in support of the theory which may now be used to predict other possible conditions. However, if result differ from the expected, the discussion may be more interesting. Here is the case when the theory may be weak or wrong or the experimental result is wrong. Discussion may be centered in scrutiny of the theory and all its assumptions or on the other hand, on possible sources of errors in the experimental procedure.