TEU, it is for the Member States to es- tablish a system of legal remedies and procedures ensuring for individuals compliance with their right to effective judicial protection in the fields covered by EU law. The principle of the effective judicial pro- tection of individuals’ rights under EU law thus re- ferred to in the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU is a general principle of EU law stemming from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, which has been enshrined in Arti- cles 6 and 13 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed in Rome on 4 November 1950 (‘ECHR’), and which is now reaffirmed by Article 47 of the Charter (judg- ment in Asociaţia ‘Forumul Judecătorilor din România’ and Others, paragraph 190 and the case- law cited). It is settled case-law of the Court that the guar- antees of independence and impartiality required under EU law presuppose rules, particularly as re- gards the composition of the body and the appoint- ment, length of service and grounds for abstention, rejection and dismissal of its members, that are such as to dispel any reasonable doubt in the minds of individuals as to the imperviousness of that body to external factors and its neutrality with respect to the interests before it (judgment of 20 April 2021, * P.P.T. Xxxxxx’Xxxx is hoogleraar staatsrecht aan de Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen. Repubblika, C‑896/19, EU:C:2021:311, paragraph 53 and the case‑law cited). In that regard, it is necessary that judges are protected from external intervention or pressure li‑ able to jeopardise their independence. The rules ap‑ plicable to the status of judges and the performance of their duties must, in particular, be such as to pre‑ clude not only any direct influence, in the form of instructions, but also types of influence which are more indirect and which are liable to have an effect on the decisions of the judges concerned, and thus preclude a lack of appearance of independence or impartiality on their part likely to prejudice the trust which justice in a democratic society governed by the rule of law must inspire in individuals (judg‑ ment in Asociaţia ‘Forumul Judecătorilor din România’ and Others, paragraph 197 and the case‑ law cited).
