Uncertainty issues within the WFD Sample Clauses

Uncertainty issues within the WFD. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires that results of the status assessment and monitoring programmes give estimates of the confidence and precision of the determination. Understanding the effect of sampling variation and other sources of uncertainty on the ecological status class assessment and underlying metrics is key in this process. Sources of uncertainty can be, amongst others, due to natural spatial and temporal variation, sampling methodology or predictive modeling (Xxxxxx and Hering, 2006). A detailed overview of general considerations with regards to uncertainty issues in status assessment is given in the WISER Deliverable D6.1-1: “Report on a workshop to bring together experts experienced with tool development and uncertainty estimation” (Xxxxxx and Xxxxx, 2008). For macrophyte status assessment the sampling methodology is an important source of uncertainty. Quantitative estimates of uncertainty related to bioassessment methods are required to reach accurate waterbody ecological classification decisions. Standardised, objective, and repeatable monitoring methods are essential in monitoring programs with aims to detect anthropogenic impact on lake ecosystems. Results of lake macrophyte surveys are extremely sensitive to errors due to both vertical and horizontal variability of macrophyte communities (Xxxxxx 1977, Janauer, 2002). In addition to spatial variability there are errors related to recognition and identification of individual species and also especially to coverage estimations of vegetation. This study aims to assess the relative importance of different sources of (spatial) variation in the sampling data on uncertainty in the available metrics. Previous work on uncertainty in macrophyte status assessment methods and metrics (especially from the STAR project on running waters) showed that inter-surveyor differences were low and the influences of temporal variation (years and seasons) and shading slightly stronger (Xxxxxx and Hering, 2006). The strongest variation was due to habitat modifications, but several metrics were of sufficient precision in terms of sampling uncertainty to be useful for estimating the ecological status of rivers (Xxxxxxxxxxxx et al., 2006). However, the probability of misclassification of a site was found to be largely associated with classification methodology (Xxxxxxxxxxxx et al., 2007, 2009).
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