What is the Big Five? Sample Clauses

What is the Big Five?. The Big Five traces its roots to Allport and Xxxxxx’x pioneering efforts to extract an organizing framework, or taxonomy, of traits from peoples’ natural language (Allport 1937; Allport and Xxxxxx 1936).38 Starting with the lexical hypotheses that all of the important and socially relevant personality traits could be captured in everyday language, the two psychologists used an English-language dictionary to retrieve 4,500 trait terms that people used to describe themselves and one another (i.e., friendly, talkative, shy) (John, Naumann, and Xxxx 2010, 117; XxXxxx and Xxxx 1992, 184). Although Allport and Xxxxxx organized these traits into loosely grouped clusters, it was Xxxxxxx (1947) who first used factor analysis to develop the true initial framework. From the 35 trait terms that he analyzed (data-analytic limitations required that he eliminate more than 99% of Allport and Xxxxxx’x terms) he identified 12 factors, which later became part of his 16- factor model (John, Naumann, and Xxxx 2008, 118). Other scholars followed suit, leading to a massive number of traits being considered and “a bewildering array of personality scales from which to choose, with little guidance and no organizing theory or framework at hand” (Ibid., 114). At this time a different group of personality psychologists were also developing personality trait models, however they relied on questionnaires to assess traits, rather than the lexical tradition. These questionnaires were made up of scales intended to measure 38 Excellent reviews of the history of the Big Five can be found in Xxxxxx (1990), Xxxxxx (2010, 24-33), and John, Naumann, and Xxxx (2010), which is an updated version of Xxxx and Srivistava’s (1999) earlier review. specific traits or aspects of personality. Scales soon grew by the hundreds as each individual researcher created their own to examine the discrete constructs they thought important (XxXxxx and Xxxx 1992, 185). For instance, there were questionnaires to measure dogmatism, social interest, and depression, not to mention closely related concepts such as loneliness and hopelessness (XxXxxx and Costa 2003, 30). A hierarchical framework was needed to organize related traits into a manageable number of domains to facilitate research, rather than examining traits by piecemeal as had become the case. Moreover a single model was needed to “facilitate the accumulation and communication of empirical findings by offering a standard vocabulary, or nomenclature” (John, Nau...
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