Adenosine diphosphate Sample Clauses

Adenosine diphosphate. ADP is a platelet agonist that interacts with platelet purinergic P2 receptors, including P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2X1 65. Upon binding to ADP, platelets undergo a conformational change, developing a spiculated, spherical shape, enabling the release of granular contents (containing additional ADP) and thus further potentiating platelet aggregation 66 67. As with thrombin, ADP enhances intracellular stored Ca2+ release through inositol phosphate production and rapid calcium influx via the plasma membrane 65. The P2Y1 Gq-protein coupled receptor mediates the platelet structural changes, mobilises calcium, and stimulates the phospholipase C and inositol phosphate signalling pathways. P2Y12 is a Gi-protein coupled receptor that blocks adenylyl cyclase signalling and reduces intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. The fall in cAMP inhibits phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein, which subsequently induces activation of the GP IIb/IIIa receptor and platelet aggregation 68. P2X1 functions as a ligand-gated ion channel, allowing rapid calcium influx upon binding of ADP 67. Patients with abnormal storage and release of ADP from dense granules typically present with prolonged bleeding times due to impaired platelet aggregation 69.
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