Platelet activation and function Sample Clauses

Platelet activation and function. The classically described function of platelets is to prevent haemorrhage. In the presence of an intact, healthy endothelium, circulating platelets remain in a resting state. Platelets move into an activated state in response to several factors that signal vascular trauma, whereby they adhere to damaged endothelium and locally mediate both thrombotic and inflammatory events via the secretion of cytokines and interaction with leucocytes. This results in chemotaxis and the development of an inflammatory milieu within the arterial wall. When endothelial damage has occurred, the extracellular matrix is exposed and collagens are released. Collagens stimulate a change in the conformation of platelets, which change from a discoid shape to a spherical one, and develop dendritic pseudopodia 51. The collagens bind to von Willebrand factor, which interacts with glycoprotein Ib/V/IX, a transmembrane protein complex on the surface of platelets that mediates the tethering of activated platelets to the site of vascular injury 52-55. The collagen receptor, glycoprotein VI, is also expressed on the platelet surface and binds to collagen to induce the release of secondary platelet agonists, including TXA2, ADP, thrombin, and adrenaline, which serve to stimulate further autocrine and paracrine platelet activation 54. Platelet agonists act on G-protein coupled receptors, including those linked to the Gq, G13, and Gi proteins, to activate the platelet integrin, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa 56. This receptor mediates platelet adhesion via binding to fibrinogen and forming bridges between platelets. A haemostatic platelet plug subsequently develops, which increases in size as further platelet activation is propagated.
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