Animacy, Core Cases, and Spatial Cases Sample Clauses

Animacy, Core Cases, and Spatial Cases. In a study on case-marking patterns in Australian aboriginal lan- guages, Xxxxxxxxxxx (1976) found that the split-ergative systems of these languages follow a hierarchy of features, which later appropri- ately became known as the Xxxxxxxxxxx Hierarchy:1 (1) 1,2 pro > 3 pro > PN > hum CN > anim CN > inan CN The languages in his sample behave in such a way that an ac- cusative case system is found with elements high in the hierarchy (i.e., members high in the hierarchy are marked when they act as direct ob- jects, but not when they act as transitive subjects), and an ergative one with those low in the hierarchy (i.e., members low in the hierar- chy are marked when they act as transitive subjects, but not when they act as direct objects). In other words, accusative case proceeds through the hierarchy top down, whereas ergative does so bottom up. This distribution can be seen as establishing a markedness pattern such that elements which are marked as an object or as a subject are morphologically marked with accusative and ergative case respec- tively. Note that in such a view nominative and absolutive case are in fact analyzed as the absence of case (de Xxxx and Xxxxxxxxx 2008). Indeed, these cases often have a zero expression whereas accusative and ergative case are nearly always overtly expressed. 1Abbreviations used in this paper: ABL ablative case, CN common noun, PN proper noun. Aristar (1996, 1997) argues that similar hierarchical patterns can be used to describe the distribution of non-core cases in many lan- guages: “A nominal’s degree of animacy influences its marking and interpretation in a non-grammatical case – a case such as the causal, instrumental, locative or ablative – just as it affects the marking and interpretation of A’s and O’s” (Aristar 1997:316).2 Aristar studies the distribution of what he labels “non-grammatical cases”, also called semantic or local cases, such as locative and instrumental case, in comparison to the “grammatical” dative case. Semantic cases index or identify the semantic role of the argument they occur on. For instance, the locative case is used on noun phrases with the xxxxx- tic role of Location and the instrumental case is used for those noun phrases with the semantic role of Instrument. The dative case, on the other hand, is most often used for arguments fulfilling the grammatical function of indirect object, which generally bear one of the semantic roles subsumed under Xxxxxx’ (1999) concept of Proto-Recipient, i...
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  • PROPOSED MOBILITY PROGRAMME The proposed mobility programme includes the indicative start and end months of the agreed study programme that the student will carry out abroad. The Learning Agreement must include all the educational components to be carried out by the student at the receiving institution (in table A) and it must contain as well the group of educational components that will be replaced in his/her degree by the sending institution (in table B) upon successful completion of the study programme abroad. Additional rows can be added as needed to tables A and B. Additional columns can also be added, for example, to specify the study cycle-level of the educational component. The presentation of this document may also be adapted by the institutions according to their specific needs. However, in every case, the two tables A and B must be kept separated, i.e. they cannot be merged. The objective is to make clear that there needs to be no one to one correspondence between the courses followed abroad and the ones replaced at the sending institutions. The aim is rather that a group of learning outcomes achieved abroad replaces a group of learning outcomes at the sending institution, without having a one to one correspondence between particular modules or courses. A normal academic year of full-time study is normally made up of educational components totalling 60 ECTS* credits. It is recommended that for mobility periods shorter than a full academic year, the educational components selected should equate to a roughly proportionate number of credits. In case the student follows additional educational components beyond those required for his/her degree programme, these additional credits must also be listed in the study programme outlined in table A. When mobility windows are embedded in the curriculum, it will be enough to fill in table B with a single line as described below: Component code (if any) Component title (as indicated in the course catalogue) at the sending institution Semester [autumn / spring] [or term] Number of ECTS* credits Mobility window … Total: 30 Otherwise, the group of components will be included in Table B as follows: Component code (if any) Component title (as indicated in the course catalogue) at the sending institution Semester [autumn / spring] [or term] Number of ECTS* credits Course x … 10 Module y … 10 Laboratory work … 10 Total: 30 The sending institution must fully recognise the number of ECTS* credits contained in table A if there are no changes to the study programme abroad and the student successfully completes it. Any exception to this rule should be clearly stated in an annex of the Learning Agreement and agreed by all parties. Example of justification for non-recognition: the student has already accumulated the number of credits required for his/her degree and does not need some of the credits gained abroad. Since the recognition will be granted to a group of components and it does not need to be based on a one to one correspondence between single educational components, the sending institution must foresee which provisions will apply if the student does not successfully complete some of the educational components from his study programme abroad. A web link towards these provisions should be provided in the Learning Agreement. The student will commit to reach a certain level of language competence in the main language of instruction by the start of the study period. The level of the student will be assessed after his/her selection with the Erasmus+ online assessment tool when available (the results will be sent to the sending institution) or else by any other mean to be decided by the sending institution. A recommended level has been agreed between the sending and receiving institutions in the inter-institutional agreement. In case the student would not already have this level when he/she signs the Learning Agreement, he/she commits to reach it with the support to be provided by the sending or receiving institution (either with courses that can be funded by the organisational support grant or with the Erasmus+ online tutored courses). All parties must sign the document; however, it is not compulsory to circulate papers with original signatures, scanned copies of signatures or digital signatures may be accepted, depending on the national legislation. * In countries where the "ECTS" system it is not in place, in particular for institutions located in partner countries not participating in the Bologna process, "ECTS" needs to be replaced in all tables by the name of the equivalent system that is used and a weblink to an explanation to the system should be added. The section to be completed during the mobility is needed only if changes have to be introduced into the original Learning Agreement. In that case, the section to be completed before the mobility should be kept unchanged and changes should be described in this section. Changes to the mobility study programme should be exceptional, as the three parties have already agreed on a group of educational components that will be taken abroad, in the light of the course catalogue that the receiving institution has committed to publish well in advance of the mobility periods and to update regularly as ECHE holder. However, introducing changes might be unavoidable due to, for example, timetable conflicts. Other reasons for a change can be the request for an extension of the duration of the mobility programme abroad. Such a request can be made by the student at the latest one month before the foreseen end date. These changes to the mobility study programme should be agreed by all parties within four to seven weeks (after the start of each semester). Any party can request changes within the first two to five-week period after regular classes/educational components have started for a given semester. The exact deadline has to be decided by the institutions. The shorter the planned mobility period, the shorter should be the window for changes. All these changes have to be agreed by the three parties within a two-week period following the request. In case of changes due to an extension of the duration of the mobility period, changes should be made as timely as possible as well. Changes to the study programme abroad should be listed in table C and, once they are agreed by all parties, the sending institution commits to fully recognise the number of ECTS credits as presented in table C. Any exception to this rule should be documented in an annex of the Learning Agreement and agreed by all parties. Only if the changes described in table C affect the group of educational components in the student's degree (table B) that will be replaced at the sending institution upon successful completion of the study programme abroad, a revised version should be inserted and labelled as "Table D: Revised group of educational components in the student's degree that will be replaced at sending institution". Additional rows and columns can be added as needed to tables C and D. All parties must confirm that the proposed amendments to the Learning Agreement are approved. For this specific section, original or scanned signatures are not mandatory and an approval by email may be enough. The procedure has to be decided by the sending institution, depending on the national legislation.

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