Atherosclerosis Sample Clauses

Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is the most frequent underlying cause of CHD, carotid artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) [286]. Inflammation plays a major role in all phases of atherosclerosis [286, 287]. It is caused by a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of the arteries and is caused by the accumulation of macrophages and promoted by LDL, plasma proteins that carry cholesterol and triglycerides without adequate removal of fats and cholesterol from the macrophages by functional HDL [288]. Atherosclerotic lesions are known as atheroma [289] and the atheromatous plaque has three distinct components (Figure 1.9):
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Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arteries. The formation of atherosclerotic plaque in the arterial intima results in wall thickening and narrowing of the lumen6. Changes in arterial redox status and oxygen tension have been implicated in atherogenesis. Common risk factors for atherosclerosis include hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, hypertension, smoking and age; each of which increase the likelihood of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in the endothelial, smooth muscle and adventitial cells of arteries7. ROS initiate endothelial activation which can lead to endothelial dysfunction, oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL), plaque formation and plaque rupture8. Atherosclerosis is initiated upon ROS induced endothelial activation which increases uptake of LDL into the vessel wall, migration of monocytes and their differentiation into macrophages. Macrophages then accumulate the oxidised-LDL to form foam cells. These lesions progress into plaques as a result of foam cell accumulation, smooth muscle cell migration from the arterial media to the site of the lesion and collagen deposition. As plaque formation progresses, the arterial lumen becomes narrowed limiting blood flow downstream and potentially resulting in ischaemia. Plaques may also rupture and occlude the coronary vessels leading to acute coronary syndromes such as myocardial infarction9. Atherosclerosis is a complex pathophysiological process which may also give rise to coronary vasospasm, further inflammation, microvascular disease and endothelial dysfunction, all of which may result in myocardial ischaemia10. Although ROS play a key role in atherogenesis and plaque formation, plaques may also be hypoxic due to increased plaque size and/or elevated oxygen demand induced by inflammation11.

Related to Atherosclerosis

  • Rhytidectomy Scar revision, regardless of symptoms. • Sclerotherapy for spider veins. • Skin tag removal. • Subcutaneous injection of filling material. • Suction assisted Lipectomy. • Tattooing or tattoo removal except tattooing of the nipple/areola related to a mastectomy. • Treatment of vitiligo. • Standby services of an assistant surgeon or anesthesiologist. • Orthodontic services related to orthognathic surgery. • Cosmetic procedures when performed primarily: o to refine or reshape body structures or dental structures that are not functionally impaired; o to improve appearance or self-esteem; or o for other psychological, psychiatric or emotional reasons. • Drugs, biological products, hospital charges, pathology, radiology fees and charges for surgeons, assistant surgeons, attending physicians and any other incidental services, which are related to cosmetic surgery.

  • Influenza Vaccine Upon recommendation of the Medical Officer of Health, all employees shall be required, on an annual basis to be vaccinated and or to take antiviral medication for influenza. If the costs of such medication are not covered by some other sources, the Employer will pay the cost for such medication. If the employee fails to take the required medication, she may be placed on an unpaid leave of absence during any influenza outbreak in the home until such time as the employee has been cleared by the public health or the Employer to return to the work environment. The only exception to this would be employees for whom taking the medication will result in the employee being physically ill to the extent that she cannot attend work. Upon written direction from the employee’s physician of such medical condition in consultation with the Employer’s physician, (if requested), the employee will be permitted to access their sick bank, if any, during any outbreak period. If there is a dispute between the physicians, the employee will be placed on unpaid leave. If the employee gets sick as a reaction to the drug and applies for WSIB the Employer will not oppose the application. If an employee is pregnant and her physician believes the pregnancy could be in jeopardy as a result of the influenza inoculation and/or the antiviral medication she shall be eligible for sick leave in circumstances where she is not allowed to attend at work as a result of an outbreak. This clause shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the Ontario Human Rights Code.

  • Influenza Vaccination The parties agree that influenza vaccinations may be beneficial for patients and employees. Upon a recommendation pertaining to a facility or a specifically designated area(s) thereof from the Medical Officer of Health or in compliance with applicable provincial legislation, the following rules will apply:

  • Human Leukocyte Antigen Testing This plan covers human leukocyte antigen testing for A, B, and DR antigens once per member per lifetime to establish a member’s bone marrow transplantation donor suitability in accordance with R.I. General Law §27-20-36. The testing must be performed in a facility that is: • accredited by the American Association of Blood Banks or its successors; and • licensed under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act as it may be amended from time to time. At the time of testing, the person being tested must complete and sign an informed consent form that also authorizes the results of the test to be used for participation in the National Marrow Donor program.

  • Biological Samples If so specified in the Protocol, Institution and Principal Investigator may collect and provide to Sponsor or its designee Biological Samples (“Biological Samples”). 12.2.

  • Hepatitis B Vaccine Where the Hospital identifies high risk areas where employees are exposed to Hepatitis B, the Hospital will provide, at no cost to the employees, a Hepatitis B vaccine.

  • Tuberculosis Examination The examination shall consist of an approved intradermal tuberculosis test, which, if positive, shall be followed by an X-ray of the lungs. Nothing in Sections 5163 to 5163.2, inclusive, shall prevent the governing body of any city or county, upon recommendation of the local health officer, from establishing a rule requiring a more extensive or more frequent examination than required by Section 5163 and this section. § 5163.2. Technician taking X-ray film; Interpretation of X-ray The X-ray film may be taken by a competent and qualified X-ray technician if the X-ray film is subsequently interpreted by a licensed physician and surgeon.

  • Health Screening The Contractor shall conduct a Health Needs Screen (HNS) for new members that enroll in the Contractor’s plan. The HNS will be used to identify the member’s physical and/or behavioral health care needs, special health care needs, as well as the need for disease management, care management and/or case management services set forth in Section 3.8. The HNS may be conducted in person, by phone, online or by mail. The Contractor shall use the standard health screening tool developed by OMPP, i.e., the Health Needs Screening Tool, but is permitted to supplement the OMPP Health Needs Screening Tool with additional questions developed by the Contractor. Any additions to the OMPP Health Needs Screening Tool shall be approved by OMPP. The HNS shall be conducted within ninety (90) calendar days of the Contractor’s receipt of a new member’s fully eligible file from the State. The Contractor is encouraged to conduct the HNS at the same time it assists the member in making a PMP selection. The Contractor shall also be required to conduct a subsequent health screening or comprehensive health assessment if a member’s health care status is determined to have changed since the original screening, such as evidence of overutilization of health care services as identified through such methods as claims review. Non-clinical staff may conduct the HNS. The results of the HNS shall be transferred to OMPP in the form and manner set forth by OMPP. As part of this contract, the Contractor shall not be required to conduct HNS for members enrolled in the Contractor’s plan prior to January 1, 2017 unless a change in the member’s health care status indicates the need to conduct a health screening. For purposes of the HNS requirement, new members are defined as members that have not been enrolled in the Contractor’s plan in the previous twelve (12) months. Data from the HNS or NOP form, current medications and self-reported medical conditions will be used to develop stratification levels for members in Hoosier Healthwise. The Contractor may use its own proprietary stratification methodology to determine which members should be referred to specific care coordination services ranging from disease management to complex case management. OMPP shall apply its own stratification methodology which may, in future years, be used to link stratification level to the per member per month capitation rate. The initial HNS shall be followed by a detailed Comprehensive Health Assessment Tool (CHAT) by a health care professional when a member is identified through the HNS as having a special health care need, as set forth in Section 4.2.4, or when there is a need to follow up on problem areas found in the initial HNS. The detailed CHAT may include, but is not limited to, discussion with the member, a review of the member’s claims history and/or contact with the member’s family or health care providers. These interactions shall be documented and shall be available for review by OMPP. The Contractor shall keep up-to-date records of all members found to have special health care needs based on the initial screening, including documentation of the follow-up detailed CHAT and contacts with the member, their family or health care providers.

  • Study An application for leave of absence for professional study must be supported by a written statement indicating what study or research is to be undertaken, or, if applicable, what subjects are to be studied and at what institutions.

  • Diagnostic procedures to aid the Provider in determining required dental treatment.

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