Cement and other sealing agents Sample Clauses

Cement and other sealing agents. ‌ Laboratory experiments on cement degradation under the influence of CO2 published by Xxxxxx and Xxxxxxx (2010) showed similarities to the analysis of cement cores from a well in Texas that had been exposed to CO2 for 30 years (Xxxxx et al., 2007) and from another 30- year old production well in a natural CO2 reservoir in Colorado (Crow et al., 2009, 2010). The recent work at SACROC (Texas) suggests that due to the limited contact area between the CO2 and the cement, the impact is limited and the cement retains its overall sealing qualities (Xxxxx et al., 2007). Generally, these studies indicate that Portland cement based wellbore systems, if properly completed and abandoned, can prevent leakage of CO2 from reservoirs for long periods of time (Xxxxx and Xxxxx, 2011). Nevertheless, research has also focused on enhancing the resistivity of Portland cement in CO2 environments by reducing the permeability of the cement matrix, lowering the concentration of reactive materials in the cement that react with CO2, or replacing the conventional Portland with special cements (Xxxxx, 2009). Reducing the permeability of the set cement is easily achieved by reducing the water-cement ratio and increasing the amount of cement. Non-reactive additives that reduce the amount of reactive materials in CO2 environment include specifically shaped particles, fly ash, silica flour or latex as a diluent (Xxxx and Xxxxxx, 2010). CO2-resistant cement systems can also be generated by using non-Portland cements. Examples of non-Portland cements include calcium sulfoaluminate-based cements, geopolymeric cements (alkali aluminosilicates), magnesium oxide cements and hydrocarbon- based cements (Xxxxx, 2009). A very resistant species is calcium aluminate cement that is immune to CO2 attack and has been applied particularly in acid gas injection xxxxx in the US (Xxxxx and Dew, 2006). Non-Portland cements are not compatible with regular cements and much denser at the same time. Their ingredients are less abundant and expensive, which limits the application in some circumstances and fields. Also, ceramics have been tested as cement additives and showed promising results, but can only be used in shallow, low temperature reservoirs (Xxxx, 2007). The development of self-healing cements is also a promising approach to provide CO2 resistant wellbore sealants. These cements are designed to interact with gas to stop the fluid flow, but have, so far, not extensively been tested under CO2 storage con...
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