Characteristics of the Study Population. One hundred and eighty-two individuals participated in the survey. The mean participant age was 45.37 (SD=6.86). Participants were predominantly male (69.8%), identified as mostly or completely heterosexual (53.6%), were single (80.7), not working (83.8%), had a high school education or less (60.6%), made less than $15,000 per year (82.0%) and rented their apartment or house (40.6%). Approximately one-third of participants was currently on HAART (30.9%) and 94% of participants (N=171) reported currently (within the last 12 months) using any CAM (see Table 1).
Characteristics of the Study Population. N=400) All Participants Cases Only Controls Only Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Sex Male 183 45.75 117 58.50 66 33.00 Female 217 54.25 83 41.50 134 67.00 Highest Education Level None-Primary 152 38.00 107 53.50 45 22.50 Junior Secondary 102 25.50 57 28.50 45 22.50 Senior Secondary + 146 36.50 36 18.00 110 55.00 Occupation Farmer 220 55.00 131 65.50 89 44.50 Military 7 1.75 2 1.00 5 2.50 Indoor Laborer 23 5.75 11 5.50 12 6.00 Outdoor laborer 8 2.00 4 2.00 4 2.00 Business owner 7 1.75 2 1.00 5 2.50 Professional 5 1.25 0 0.00 5 2.50 None 4 1.00 0 0.00 4 2.00 Missing 126 31.50 50 25.00 76 38.00 Occupation Binary Farmer 220 55.00 131 65.50 89 44.50 Not Farmer 54 13.50 19 9.50 35 17.50 Missing 126 31.50 50 25.00 76 38.00 Pesticide Use Yes 177 44.25 109 54.50 68 34.00 No 217 54.25 89 44.50 128 64.00 Missing 6 1.50 2 0.50 4 0.50 Drink from Abandoned Well Yes 46 11.50 34 17.00 12 6.00 No 321 80.25 150 75.00 171 85.50 Missing 33 8.25 16 8.00 17 8.50 Home Water Source Bottled 111 27.75 55 27.50 56 28.00 Well 226 56.50 114 57.00 112 56.00 Rainwater 19 4.75 11 5.50 8 4.00 Tap 29 7.25 13 6.50 16 8.00 River or Spring 5 1.25 3 1.50 2 1.00 Other 10 2.50 4 2.00 6 3.00 Table 2. Univariate analysis of age in the study population (N=397) N Mean Std Dev Total study population* 397 56.07 13.98 Males 183 59.04 12.79 Females 214 53.53 14.47 All cases 199 63.8 10.32 Male Cases 117 63.32 10.38 Female Cases 82 64.49 10.25 All controls 198 48.3 12.83 Male Controls 66 51.44 13.19 Female Controls 132 46.73 12.39 *3 Females with missing age Tables 3 and 4 below show the relationships (frequencies and Xxxxxxxx correlations) between pesticides, occupation (farmer/non-farmer), and drinking in abandoned well. 25 farmers (12.63%) who used pesticides also drank from abandoned xxxxx. 10 farmers (5.05%) who did not use pesticides also drank from abandoned xxxxx. As expected, pesticide use and occupation is significantly correlated, as is pesticide use and drinking water from an abandoned well. Table 3. Frequencies of Pesticide Use and Drinking from Abandoned Well by Occupation Farmer Not Farmer Yes AW No AW Yes AW No AW Freq Percent Freq Percent Freq Percent Freq Percent Used pesticides 25 12.63 113 Used 57.07 Pesticides 2 4.08 13 26.53 Did not use pesticides 10 5.05 50 Did not use 25.25 pesticides 4 8.16 30 61.22 ꭓ2= 0.064, p=0.8059 ꭓ2= 0.0238, p=0.8773 Yes AW: Drank from abandoned well No AW: Did not drink from abandoned well
Characteristics of the Study Population. Demographic characteristics of the study population, including age, birth order, wealth index, education, and marital status, are shown in table 1a (see Table 1a. Frequency Demographics of the Study Population). Of those surveyed in the East, 35% had received between 0-3 ANC visits, compared to 19.5% in Nairobi. Most of the pregnancies occurred before age 30, with only 4.32% and
