Common use of December 1990 Clause in Contracts

December 1990. The parties—Russia and the USA—undertake not to carry out any individual underground nuclear explosion for peaceful purposes having a yield exceeding 150 kilotons or any group explosion having an aggregate yield exceeding 150 kilotons; and not to carry out any group explosion having an aggregate yield exceeding 1500 kilotons unless the individual explosions in the group could be identified and measured by agreed verification procedures. The 1976 verifi- cation protocol was replaced in 1990 with a new protocol. Treaty text: United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1714 (1993) The treaty obligated the original parties—the USA and the USSR—to destroy all ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with a range of 500–5500 kilo- metre (intermediate-range, 1000–5500 km; and shorter-range, 500–1000 km) and their launchers by 1 June 1991. A total of 2692 missiles were eliminated by May 1991. In 1994 treaty membership was expanded to include Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. For 10 years after 1 June 1991 on-site inspections were conducted to verify compliance. The use of surveillance satellites for data collection has continued after the end of on-site inspections on 31 May 2001. Treaty text: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000.xxx> The treaty obligated the original parties—the USA and the USSR—to make phased reductions in their offensive strategic nuclear forces over a seven-year period. It set numerical limits on deployed strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (SNDVs)—intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and heavy bombers—and the nuclear warheads they carry. In the Protocol to Facilitate the Implementation of START (1992 Lisbon Protocol), which entered into force on 5 December 1994, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine also assumed the obligations of the former USSR under the treaty. A follow-on treaty, New START, entered into force on 5 February 2011. Treaty and protocol texts: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000. htm> The treaty obligated the parties to eliminate their MIRVed ICBMs (i.e. ICBMs with multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles) and reduce the number of their deployed strategic nuclear warheads to no more than 3000– 3500 each (of which no more than 1750 may be deployed on SLBMs) by 1 Janu- ary 2003. On 26 September 1997 the two parties signed a Protocol to the treaty providing for the extension until the end of 2007 of the period of implemen- tation of the treaty. START II was ratified by the US Senate and the Russian Parliament, but the two parties never exchanged the instruments of ratification. The treaty thus never entered into force. On 14 June 2002, as a response to the taking effect on 13 June of the USA’s withdrawal from the ABM Treaty, Russia declared that it would no longer be bound by START II. Treaty and protocol text: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000. htm> The treaty obligated the parties to reduce the number of their operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads so that the aggregate numbers did not exceed 1700–2200 for each party by 31 December 2012. The treaty was superseded by New START on 5 February 2011. Treaty text: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000.xxx>

December 1990. The parties—Russia and the USA—undertake not to carry out any individual underground nuclear explosion for peaceful purposes having a yield exceeding 150 kilotons or any group explosion having an aggregate yield exceeding 150 kilotons; and not to carry out any group explosion having an aggregate yield exceeding 1500 kilotons unless the individual explosions in the group could be identified and measured by agreed verification procedures. The 1976 verifi- cation protocol was replaced in 1990 with a new protocol. Treaty text: United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1714 (1993) The treaty obligated the original parties—the USA Soviet Union and the USSRUSA—to destroy all ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with a range of 500–5500 kilo- metre 500– 5500 kilometres (intermediate-range, 1000–5500 km; and shorter-range, 500–1000 500– 1000 km) and their launchers by 1 June 1991. A total of 2692 missiles were eliminated by May 1991. In 1994 treaty membership was expanded to include Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. For 10 years after 1 June 1991 on-site inspections were conducted to verify compliance. The use of surveillance satellites for data collection has continued after the end of on-site inspections on 31 May 2001. Treaty text: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000.xxx> The treaty obligated the original parties—the USA Soviet Union and the USSRUSA—to make phased reductions in their offensive strategic nuclear forces over a seven-seven- year period. It set sets numerical limits on deployed strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (SNDVs)—intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs)SNDVs)—ICBMs, submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) SLBMs and heavy bombers—and the nuclear warheads war- heads they carry. In the Protocol to Facilitate the Implementation of the START Treaty (1992 Lisbon Protocol), which entered into force on 5 December Decem- ber 1994, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine also assumed the obligations of the former USSR Soviet Union under the treaty. A follow-on treaty, New START, entered into force on 5 February 2011. Treaty and protocol texts: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000. htmxxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/00000.xxx> The treaty would have obligated the parties to eliminate their MIRVed ICBMs (i.e. ICBMs with multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles) and reduce the number of their deployed strategic nuclear warheads to no more than 3000– 3500 3000–3500 each (of which no more than 1750 may be deployed on SLBMs) by 1 Janu- ary January 2003. On 26 September 1997 the two parties signed a Protocol to the treaty providing for the extension until the end of 2007 of the period of implemen- tation implementation of the treaty. START II was ratified by the US Senate and the Russian Parliament, but the two parties never exchanged the instruments of ratification. The treaty thus never entered into force. On 14 June 2002, as a response to the taking effect on 13 June of the USA’s withdrawal from the ABM Treaty, Russia declared that it would no longer be bound by START II. Treaty and protocol text: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000. htm> The treaty obligated the parties to reduce the number of their operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads so that the aggregate numbers did not exceed 1700–2200 for each party by 31 December 2012. The treaty was superseded by New START on 5 February 2011. Treaty text: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000.xxx>.

December 1990. The parties—Russia and the USA—undertake not to carry out any individual underground nuclear explosion for peaceful purposes having a yield exceeding 150 kilotons or any group explosion having an aggregate yield exceeding 150 kilotons; and not to carry out any group explosion having an aggregate yield exceeding 1500 kilotons unless the individual explosions in the group could be identified identified and measured by agreed verification verification procedures. The 1976 verifi- verifi- cation protocol was replaced in 1990 with a new protocol. Treaty textand protocol texts: United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1714 (1993) The treaty obligated the original parties—the USA and the USSR—to destroy all ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with a range of 500–5500 kilo- metre metres (intermediate-range, 1000–5500 km; and shorter-range, 500–1000 km) and their launchers by 1 June 1991. A total of 2692 missiles were eliminated by May 1991. In 1994 treaty membership was expanded to include Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. For 10 years after 1 June 1991 on-site inspections were conducted to verify compliance. The use of surveillance satellites for data collection has continued after the end of on-site inspections on 31 May 2001. Treaty text: US Department of StateUnited Nations Treaty Series, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000.xxx> vol. 1657 (1991) The treaty obligated the original parties—the USA and the USSR—to make phased reductions in their offensive strategic nuclear forces over a seven-year period. It set numerical limits on deployed strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (SNDVs)—intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and heavy bombers—and the nuclear warheads they carry. In the Protocol to Facilitate the Implementation of START (1992 Lisbon Protocol), which entered into force on 5 December 1994, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine also assumed the obligations of the former USSR under the treaty. A follow-on treaty, New START, entered into force on 5 February 2011. .. Treaty and protocol texts: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000. htm> The treaty obligated the parties to eliminate their MIRVed ICBMs (i.e. ICBMs with multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles) and reduce the number of their deployed strategic nuclear warheads to no more than 3000– 3500 3000–3500 each (of which no more than 1750 may be deployed on SLBMs) by 1 Janu- ary January 2003. On 26 September 1997 the two parties signed a Protocol to the treaty providing for the extension until the end of 2007 of the period of implemen- tation imple- mentation of the treaty. START II was ratified by the US Senate and the Russian Parliament, but the two parties never exchanged the instruments of ratification. The treaty thus never entered into force. On 14 June 2002, as a response to the taking effect on 13 June of the USA’s withdrawal from the ABM Treaty, Russia declared that it would no longer be bound by START II. Treaty and protocol texttexts: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000. htm> The treaty obligated the parties to reduce the number of their operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads so that the aggregate numbers did not exceed 1700–2200 for each party by 31 December 2012. The treaty was superseded super- seded by New START on 5 February 2011. Treaty text: US Department of StateUnited Nations Treaty Series, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000.xxx>vol. 2350 (2005)

December 1990. The parties—Russia and the USA—undertake not to carry out any individual underground nuclear explosion for peaceful purposes having a yield exceeding 150 kilotons or any group explosion having an aggregate yield exceeding 150 kilotons; and not to carry out any group explosion having an aggregate yield exceeding 1500 kilotons unless the individual explosions in the group could be identified and measured by agreed verification procedures. The 1976 verifi- cation protocol was replaced in 1990 with a new protocol. Treaty text: United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1714 (1993) The treaty obligated the original parties—the USA and the USSR—to destroy all ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with a range of 500–5500 kilo- metre (intermediate-range, 1000–5500 km; and shorter-range, 500–1000 km) and their launchers by 1 June 1991. A total of 2692 missiles were eliminated by May 1991. In 1994 treaty membership was expanded to include Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. For 10 years after 1 June 1991 on-site inspections were conducted to verify compliance. The use of surveillance satellites for data collection has continued after the end of on-site inspections on 31 May 2001. Treaty text: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000.xxx> The treaty obligated the original parties—the USA and the USSR—to make phased reductions in their offensive strategic nuclear forces over a seven-year period. It set numerical limits on deployed strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (SNDVs)—intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine-launched ballistic bal- listic missiles (SLBMs) and heavy bombers—and the nuclear warheads they carry. In the Protocol to Facilitate the Implementation of START (1992 Lisbon Protocol), which entered into force on 5 December 1994, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine also assumed the obligations of the former USSR under the treaty. A follow-on treaty, New START, entered into force on 5 February 2011. Treaty and protocol texts: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000. htm> The treaty obligated the parties to eliminate their MIRVed ICBMs (i.e. ICBMs with multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles) and reduce the number of their deployed strategic nuclear warheads to no more than 3000– 3500 3000–3500 each (of which no more than 1750 may be deployed on SLBMs) by 1 Janu- ary January 2003. On 26 September 1997 the two parties signed a Protocol to the treaty providing for the extension until the end of 2007 of the period of implemen- tation imple- mentation of the treaty. START II was ratified by the US Senate and the Russian Parliament, but the two parties never exchanged the instruments of ratification. The treaty thus never entered into force. On 14 June 2002, as a response to the taking effect on 13 June of the USA’s withdrawal from the ABM Treaty, Russia declared that it would no longer be bound by START II. Treaty and protocol texttexts: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000. htm> The treaty obligated the parties to reduce the number of their operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads so that the aggregate numbers did not exceed 1700–2200 for each party by 31 December 2012. The treaty was superseded super- seded by New START on 5 February 2011. Treaty text: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000.xxx>

December 1990. The parties—Russia and the USA—undertake not to carry out any individual underground nuclear explosion for peaceful purposes having a yield exceeding 150 kilotons or any group explosion having an aggregate yield exceeding 150 kilotons; and not to carry out any group explosion having an aggregate yield exceeding 1500 kilotons unless the individual explosions in the group could be identified identified and measured by agreed verification verification procedures. The 1976 verifi- verifi- cation protocol was replaced in 1990 with a new protocol. Treaty textand protocol texts: United Nations Treaty Series, vol. 1714 (1993) The treaty obligated the original parties—the USA and the USSR—to destroy all ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with a range of 500–5500 kilo- metre kilometres (intermediate-range, 1000–5500 km; and shorter-range, 500–1000 km) and their launchers by 1 June 1991. A total of 2692 missiles were eliminated eliminat- ed by May 1991. In 1994 treaty membership was expanded to include Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine. For 10 years after 1 June 1991 on-site inspections were conducted to verify compliance. The use of surveillance satellites for data collection has col- lection continued after the end of on-site inspections on 31 May 2001. Treaty text: US Department of StateUnited Nations Treaty Series, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000.xxx> vol. 1657 (1991) The treaty obligated the original parties—the USA and the USSR—to make phased reductions in their offensive strategic nuclear forces over a seven-year period. It set numerical limits on deployed strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (SNDVs)—intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine-launched ballistic bal- listic missiles (SLBMs) and heavy bombers—and the nuclear warheads they carry. In the Protocol to Facilitate the Implementation of START (1992 Lisbon Protocol), which entered into force on 5 December 1994, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine also assumed the obligations of the former USSR under the treaty. A follow-on treaty, New START, entered into force on 5 February 2011. Treaty and protocol texts: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000. htm> The treaty obligated the parties to eliminate their MIRVed ICBMs (i.e. ICBMs with multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles) and reduce re- duce the number of their deployed strategic nuclear warheads to no more than 3000– 3500 3000–3500 each (of which no more than 1750 may be deployed on SLBMs) by 1 Janu- ary January 2003. On 26 September 1997 the two parties signed a Protocol to the treaty providing for the extension until the end of 2007 of the period of implemen- tation imple- mentation of the treaty. START II was ratified by the US Senate and the Russian Parliament, but the two parties never exchanged the instruments of ratification. The treaty thus never entered into force. On 14 June 2002, as a response to the taking effect on 13 June of the USA’s withdrawal from the ABM Treaty, Russia declared that it would no longer be bound by START II. Treaty and protocol texttexts: US Department of State, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000. htm> The treaty obligated the parties to reduce the number of their operationally deployed de- ployed strategic nuclear warheads so that the aggregate numbers did not exceed ex- ceed 1700–2200 for each party by 31 December 2012. The treaty was superseded by New START on 5 February 2011. Treaty text: US Department of StateUnited Nations Treaty Series, <xxxx://xxx.xxxxx.xxx/x/xxx/xxxx/000000.xxx>vol. 2350 (2005)