DESCRIPTION OF THE REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL ENSEMBLE Sample Clauses

DESCRIPTION OF THE REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL ENSEMBLE. To allow for assessing robust changes in heavy precipitation in response to a warming climate, an ensemble of 8 regional climate model (RCM) simulations is used. The simulations, which are all covering the time period from 1961 to 2099, were obtained in the framework of the EU FP6 project ENSEMBLES. All models were run on the whole European domain with the same spatial resolution of about 25 km grid point distance. Regional climate models need lateral boundary forcing data like temperature, wind, surface pressure and moisture and as surface boundary conditions the sea surface temperature and sea ice extent. The boundary data is provided by different general circulation model (GCM) simulations (see Figure 1). The GCM simulations are forced by changing greenhouse gas concentrations according to the A1B scenario of the 4th IPCC Assessment Report. This scenario describes a future world with rapid economic growth and population increase until 2050. Furthermore, new and more efficient technologies are assumed to be developed. In the A1B scenario, the energy supply is balanced across non-fossil and fossil sources. For a more detailed description we refer the reader to IPCC (2001). The RCMs used in this study are RACMO by the KNMI (Xxxxxxxxx et al. 2003), RCA by the SMHI (Kjellström et al. 2005) which is used by both SMHI and C4I driven by different boundary conditions, HadRM by the Xxxxxx Centre (Xxxxxxx et al. 2006), CLM by the ETHZ (Xxxx et al. 2006), and XXXX by the MPI (Xxxxx 2001, Xxxxx et al. 2001). The ability of regional climate models to represent heavy precipitation is to a large extent affected by its spatial resolution. Processes which occur on smaller scales than actually resolved need to be parameterized using large-scale information. The parameterization schemes are therefore sources of uncertainty in the models. Among all schemes, the one for cumulus cloud convection plays the largest role for the formation of heavy precipitation events. Furthermore, the quality of the driving global model simulation plays a role. Table 1 gives an overview over the regional climate model simulations used here and the global climate models in which the regional models are nested. There are two different versions of the driving global model HadCM3: HadCM3Q0 is the regular version with normal sensitivity and HadCM3Q16 is a version where the model was generated with perturbed physics, which leads to higher sensitivity. A detailed description of the modifications can b...
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