Differences in macro and small cell base stations Sample Clauses

Differences in macro and small cell base stations. The regulations for installation and operation of mobile infrastructure were originally specified for homogeneous networks with mostly macro base station deployments. However, the increasingly heterogeneous networks with the number of small cells base stations far exceeding macro base stations is highlighting the need for reformulation of some of the regulations, to obtain a regulatory framework that provides the benefits listed in Table 15. The core arguments for these regulatory updates is built on fundamental differences between small cell and macro base stations, as summarised in Table 16. 27 The EC estimates that achievement of the Gigabit Society (by 2025), will require overall investment (in mobile and fixed technologies) of €500 Billion over the coming decade, €155 Billion above current operators’ investment trends. 28 For instance, in Europe benefits of introducing 5G are expected to reach €113.1 billion per year by 2025 for just in four vertical sectors: automotive, health, transport and energy [EC2016] Table 16 Differences in macro and small cell base stations that may influence regulation RF transmit power29 High (typically 43-48 dBm) Low/medium (≤ 38 dBm) Antenna installation height Typically 10-60m above ground Typically ≤10m above ground (or indoor floor level) Coverage range Several km to few tens of km Several meters to few hundred meters Spectrum Licensed spectrum in low (<1 GHz) and mid (1-6 GHz) bands Licensed or unlicensed spectrum in low (<1 GHz), mid (1-6 GHz) and high (6 GHz) bands Power consumption High (1-5 kW) Low/medium (5-400 W) Deployment density Few sites per square km Tens or hundreds of sites per square km Deployment locations Outdoor radio towers or on building rooftops Outdoor below rooftop or at street level, indoor in-building, vehicular platforms etc. Physical characteristics Typically separate discrete equipment (antennas, antenna cabling, baseband units, cooling systems etc.) Relatively smaller dimensions, integrated packaging (built-in antennas), convection cooled Base station owners MNOs MNOs, neutral hosts
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