Erosion and Turbidity Sample Clauses

Erosion and Turbidity. Construction of alternatives that involve movement of significant amounts of soil and rock would have a high potential for generating sediment-laden runoff in the vicinity of Ketchikan. Dredging the harbor, in order to provide necessary navigation depths for the ferry alternatives, (G2, G3, and G4) and filling along the shoreline of the airport for the bridge alternatives, (C3[a], C3[b], C4, and D1) would generate plumes of turbid water. Activities associated with installation of inwater piers also have the potential to release turbid water. Juvenile salmon have been shown to avoid areas with high turbid waters (e.g., Servizi, 1988), but seek out areas of moderate turbidity (10 to 80 nephelometric turbidity units [NTU]), presumably as cover against predation (Xxxxx and Xxxxxx, 1987a,b). Feeding efficiency of juveniles is also impaired by turbid water in excess of 70 NTU, well below sublethal stress levels (Xxxxxx and Xxxxx, 1982). Reduced preference by adult salmon homing to spawning areas has been demonstrated where turbidities exceed 30 NTU (20 milligrams [mg] of suspended sediments per liter [L]). However, Chinook salmon exposed to 650 mg/L of suspended volcanic ash were still able to find their natal water (Xxxxxxx et al., 1982). Any adult salmon present near the project area during inwater work might avoid areas of increased turbidity or reduced oxygen, but are not expected to interrupt their upstream migrations (e.g., Xxxxxxx et al., 1982). Based on these data, it is unlikely that the locally elevated turbid waters, generated by constructing these proposed alternatives, would significantly affect juvenile or adult salmonids that are present. Excessive sedimentation rates in marine areas with benthic communities adapted to relatively clean water conditions can alter community composition and productivity in unexpected ways. Turbid water runoff was measured by stormwater outfall at one of the marine reconnaissance survey sites, Station REV-5A (see Figure 3-1, Phase II Marine Reconnaissance Survey, Pentec, 2001). Over the past 5 years, this outfall has frequently delivered turbid (sometimes highly turbid) water from a rock quarry to Tongass Narrows. The intertidal biota in the immediate vicinity of the outfall is very different in nature from that on adjacent riprap, but this condition is attributed to the exclusion of predators from the area by the freshwater, rather than to the effects of turbidity. Bull kelp beds immediately offshore of the outfall d...
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