Independence and the Stable Sample Clauses

Independence and the Stable. Unit-Treatment-Value Assumption (SUTVA) Estimation of the average causal effect implies that the population U is large and that the decision to assign any one unit u to treatment or control is carried out in a random fashion such that the indicator variable Z is independent of Yt and Yc and all other population variables. Then the following equations hold: E(Yt) = E(Yt|Z = t) (1.4) E(Yc) = E(Yc|Z = c). (1.5) Only under SUTVA can we combine equations 1.4 and 1.5 to estimate the causal effect of interest as defined in equation 1.2. Xxxxx uses the Stable-Unit-Treatment-Value Assumption (SUTVA) as a useful decision rule for determining “. . . which questions are formulated well enough to have causal answers [Xxxxx, 1986].” The assumption is defined for any number N of units u, any number T of treatments t, and some outcome Yt(u) for each treatment-unit combination. SUTVA is then
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