Checking Covariate Balance and Evaluating Quality Sample Clauses

Checking Covariate Balance and Evaluating Quality of Propensity Score Model Propensity scores also provide a level of transparency that is not available from traditional covariate adjustment methods. Propensity score methodology uses the language of ‘balance’ to refer to associations between treatment and other covariates. The stronger the associa- tions, or the more associations that exist, the more out of balance the two groups are. If a propensity score has been successfully calculated, an intermediate step to assess the newly achieved balance after adjusting for the propensity score informs a researcher as to whether or not he or she has attained two comparable groups, prior to ever including the outcome measure in analyses. If the dataset remains unbalanced, a new propensity score should be calculated, and these steps repeated until adequate balance is achieved. It is inappropriate to move on to the adjustment step in analyses prior to confirming that balance has been achieved. Unlike traditional regression methods, which require the involvement of the out- come measure from the beginning, repetitive calculations of propensity scores do not hinder the final analysis of treatment effect on outcome. As Miettinen states in his summary of the use of multivariate confounder scores [1976], “[t]he adequacy of the control of confounding and the validity of the assessment of the residual association are largely matters of faith, with little opportunity for direct verification, when the analysis is conducted completely under a multivariate model.” Unfortunately, very few studies explicitly address balance-checking and indeed may not conduct this critical step, which leaves the possibility that when propensity score methods are implemented, they may be applied incorrectly. Indeed, Ho et al [2007] argue that it is the balance checking step, as opposed to any theoretical properties, that make propensity scores a useful addition to a researcher’s analytical toolbox.
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