GENETICS OF ADHD Sample Clauses

GENETICS OF ADHD. Genetically sensitive designs indicate that the heritable foundation of ADHD is substantial. Family studies show that a significantly higher rate of the disorder is found in probands of individuals with ADHD (11%) than in the general population (5%) (Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, Xxxxx, & Xxxx, 1987). Twin studies estimate that genetic components account for 60-80% of the variability within the disorder and non-shared environmental effects account for 20-40% of the variability within the investigated phenotype (Xxxxxxx & Xxxxx, 2001; Xxxxxxx et al., 2005; Xxxxxxx & Xxxx, 2010). However, identifying the specific underlying genetic risk factors contributing to the disorder has proven difficult. As such ADHD conforms to the characterization of most psychiatric disorders: i.e. it is not inherited according to a simple Mendelian, single-gene pattern, but is assumed to be caused by numerous genes of small effect sizes (Plomin, 2008). To date no genetic polymorphism has been identified as necessary or sufficient to develop ADHD; however, a number of candidate genes have been the focus of study. Since ADHD is a behavioural disorder, genes encoding enzymes involved in brain dysfunction, and particularly genes serving an excitatory function, are obvious candidates for research (Gizer, Xxxxx, & Xxxxxxx, 2009). A full review of the genetics of ADHD is beyond the scope of this introduction; however, some important findings are referred to below. Genetic variants influencing the reward and inhibitory pathways of the central nervous system are of particular interest, these genes are often involved in transmission, reception and degradation of dopamine are frequently investigated. The dopamine transporter gene (DAT1; also known as SLC6A3) is the most frequently studied candidate gene in association with ADHD (Gizer, et al., 2009). The 10 and 9 repeats of DAT1 were initially associated with ADHD in a study of 57 children which suggested that the 10 repeat allele was preferentially transmitted to ADHD probands (Xxxx et al., 1995). Over 100 studies have now examined the relationship between DAT1 and ADHD and several SNPs within the gene have also been shown to contribute to ADHD (Gizer, et al., 2009). Two dopamine receptor genes have also been of particular interest, namely DRD4 and DRD2. A variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in DRD4 is most commonly associated with ADHD. Studies suggest that the 7 repeat allele is a functional polymorphism that is frequently demonstrated to be associ...
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