Physicochemical properties of NADES Sample Clauses

Physicochemical properties of NADES. The thermal behavior of NADES was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (Table 2). The weight loss at 100 oC indicates that the water content in glucose-choline chloride-water (GCH) is 7.8%, which is consistent with the amount of water added. All the NADES were heated to 100 oC for 1 h, without any evident decomposition. The NADES made of sugars have a low decomposition temperature (Td) of approximately 135 oC but others have a Td that is even above 200 oC. All NADES evaluated by DSC revealed that they have glass transition points (Tg) below -50 oC but without a melting point, which confirms that those NADES are supermolecular complexes, with a stable liquid status over a wide temperature range. The liquid state of NADES at low temperature supports our hypothesis that NADES play an important role in plant for cold resistance. Also, it implies that NADES can be used as solvents in a range between at least -20-100 oC. Important physical properties including density, viscosity and polarity were examined (Table 2). The densities of all tested NADES proved to be higher than that of water. Viscosity is one of the most important characteristics and also one of the largest obstacles for the application of ILs and DES. The viscosity of NADES is affected by water percentage and temperature. In the case of GCH with different water percentages (v/v) (Fig. 4a), its viscosity decreased by 1/3 when diluted with 5% water, and decreased to 1/10 of the original value with the addition of 10% water. The viscosity of GCH decreased by 2/3 when the temperature increased from 20 to 40 oC (Fig. 4b). Polarity is another important property of NADES, since it affects theirs solubilizing capacity. Organic acid- based NADES are the most polar (44.81 kcal mol-1), followed by amino acids and pure sugar based NADES with a polarity similar to water (48.21 kcal mol-
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