Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Sample Clauses

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. The low volatility of ILs that on one hand makes them “green” creates challenges for product separation and recovery. For volatile products, a back- distillation may be used to recover the product from ILs. In the case of a hydrophilic product in a hydrophobic IL, water may be used to remove the product from the ILs (Xxxxxxxxxx amd Xxxxxx, 1998), but the biggest problem is to recover poorly volatile or thermally labile products from ILs. Experiments using another type of “green” solvent, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2), for product recovery from ILs solution have been reported. The volatile scCO2 is insoluble in the non-volatile and polar ILs and they form two-phase systems. The principle of product recovery with these biphasic systems is based on the solubility of the compounds in CO2. During the process, high volatility and low polarity will favor the solubility of a solute in CO2. Naphthalene was extracted from [Bmim][PF6] using scCO2with recoveries of up to 94-96%, a near-quantitative recovery without detectable [Bmim][PF6] in the extract (Xxxxxxxxx et al., 1999). A variety of aromatic and aliphatic compounds were also quantitatively recovered from this IL with scCO2without any IL contamination in the recovered product (Xxxxxxxxx and Xxxxxxxxx, 2001). In contrast, a mixture of CO2 with conventional organic solvents results in a significant amount of the solvent in the CO2-rich phase, due to their solubility. Diverse compounds such as N-acetyl-(S)-phenylalanine methyl ester and epoxides of olefins were extracted from ILs with scCO2 by optimizing pressure, temperature and the type of IL, especially from enzyme-catalyzed reactions (Bortolini et al., 2003; Xxxxx et al., 2006). For example, 2-methylbutanoic acid that results from the asymmetric hydrogenation of tiglic acid in [Bmim][PF6] was extracted with scCO2. Moreover, the solution of the catalyst in [Bmim][PF6] could be recycled without significant losses of both enantioselectivity and conversion (Xxxxx et al., 2001). The removal of a product from ILs by extraction with CO2, however, only works for products that have a sufficiently high solubility in CO2. For compounds that are insoluble in CO2, crystallization from ILs with CO2 as an anti-solvent has been explored. The addition of CO2 lowers the solubility of the product in the ILs, thereby creating supersaturation (Kroon et al., 2006). With this method, removal of even solid, inorganic salts from [Hmim][Tf2N] was achieved with CO2 at 25 oC (Sau...
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